British Culture - User contributions [en]

Bourdaloue

2023-01-02T23:30:56Z

CanselKantik:

A flexible toilet for women, where women are not restricted to one room to relieve themselves, is called '''Bourdaloue'''.

Bourdaloue is an object that is a boat-shaped vessel with a raised lip at one end and handle at the other, which was designed for traveling or long sermons. Bourdaloue helped women, wearing gigantic 18th-century dresses, in order to meet their natural human function. Since the availability of public toilets was limited in the 18th-century, bourdaloue was used by many women. Instead of their mistress', the maids were responsible for carrying as well as emptying the bourdaloue.

After the 19th century, due to the introduction of water closets inside homes and buildings, the use of bourdaloue dramatically decreased.

'''Sources'''

VIC, Jane Austen's World. "''Regency Hygiene: The Bourdaloue''." , 16 July 2012, https://janeaustensworld.com/2012/07/16/regency-hygiene-the-bourdaloue/
Accessed 2 January 2023.

Belle Assemblée: Or, Court and Fashionable Magazine, 1823, https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mcERAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:arylUsFTJlYC&hl=en&sa=X&ei=oGa1T87PAuLR0QXIq_jWDw#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://archive.org/details/LaBelleAssembleVol.1718Jan-dec1818/page/n481/mode/2up
Accessed 2 January 2023.

Bourdaloue

2023-01-02T23:28:56Z

CanselKantik:

A flexible toilet for women, where women are not restricted to one room to relieve themselves, is called '''Bourdaloue'''.

Bourdaloue is an object that is a boat-shaped vessel with a raised lip at one end and handle at the other, which was designed for traveling or long sermons. Bourdaloue helped women, wearing gigantic 18th-century dresses, in order to meet their natural human function. Since the availability of public toilets was limited in the 18th-century, bourdaloue was used by many women. Instead of their mistress', the maids were responsible for carrying as well as emptying the bourdaloue.

After the 19th century, due to the introduction of water closets inside homes and buildings, the use of bourdaloue dramatically decreased.

'''Sources'''

VIC, Jane Austen's World. "''Regency Hygiene: The Bourdaloue''." , 16 July 2012, https://janeaustensworld.com/2012/07/16/regency-hygiene-the-bourdaloue/
Accessed 2 January 2023.

Belle Assemblée: Or, Court and Fashionable Magazine, 1823,
https://archive.org/details/LaBelleAssembleVol.1718Jan-dec1818/page/n481/mode/2up
Accessed 2 January 2023.

Bourdaloue

2023-01-02T23:03:04Z

CanselKantik:

Bourdaloue

2022-12-27T19:34:34Z

CanselKantik: Created page with "A flexible toilet for women, not restricted to one room."

A flexible toilet for women, not restricted to one room.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-29T19:51:56Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England. The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region. In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown. The Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600" (McDowall 75).

'''Sources'''

McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman, 1989.

"The New Trading Empire" ,2015, https://doclecture.net/1-5127.html. Accessed 26 June 2022.

White, Sylvia. "What Was the Role of the English Merchant Adventurers in the Termination of the Hanseatic Steelyard in London in 1598?", ''ACADEMIA'', https://www.academia.edu/14766808/What_was_the_role_of_the_English_Merchant_Adventurers_in_the_termination_of_the_Hanseatic_Steelyard_in_London_in_1598. Accessed 25 June 2022.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-29T19:51:36Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England. The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region. In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown. The Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600" (McDowal 75).

'''Sources'''

McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman, 1989.

"The New Trading Empire" ,2015, https://doclecture.net/1-5127.html. Accessed 26 June 2022.

White, Sylvia. "What Was the Role of the English Merchant Adventurers in the Termination of the Hanseatic Steelyard in London in 1598?", ''ACADEMIA'', https://www.academia.edu/14766808/What_was_the_role_of_the_English_Merchant_Adventurers_in_the_termination_of_the_Hanseatic_Steelyard_in_London_in_1598. Accessed 25 June 2022.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-26T13:49:46Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.

The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.

We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''

McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989.

"The New Trading Empire" ,2015, https://doclecture.net/1-5127.html. Accessed 26 June 2022.

White, Sylvia. "What was the role of the English Merchant Adventurers in the termination of the Hanseatic Steelyard in London in 1598?", pp. 5-7. ACADEMIA, https://www.academia.edu/14766808/What_was_the_role_of_the_English_Merchant_Adventurers_in_the_termination_of_the_Hanseatic_Steelyard_in_London_in_1598. Accessed 25 June 2022.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-26T13:49:37Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.

The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.

We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''

McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989.

"The New Trading Empire" ,2015, https://doclecture.net/1-5127.html. Accessed 26 June 2022.

White, Sylvia. "What was the role of the English Merchant Adventurers in the termination of the Hanseatic Steelyard in London in 1598?", pp. 5-7. ACADEMIA, https://www.academia.edu/14766808/What_was_the_role_of_the_English_Merchant_Adventurers_in_the_termination_of_the_Hanseatic_Steelyard_in_London_in_1598. Accessed 25 June 2022.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-26T13:44:09Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.

The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.

We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''

McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989.

"The New Trading Empire" ,2015, https://doclecture.net/1-5127.html. Accessed 26 June 2022.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-26T13:40:46Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.

The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.

We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''

McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-26T13:40:32Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.

The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.

We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''
McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-26T13:32:25Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.

The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.

We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-26T13:31:59Z

CanselKantik:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.
Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.
The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.
We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.
To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''

Merchant Adventurers

2022-05-11T23:07:44Z

CanselKantik: Created page with "The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support just before the end of the fifteenth century. During Elizabeth's reign more "chartered" companies, as..."

The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support just before the end of the fifteenth century. During Elizabeth's reign more "chartered" companies, as they were known, were established. A "charter" gave a company the right to all the business in its particular trade or region. In return for this important advantage the chartered company gave some of its profits to the Crown.