British Culture - User contributions [en]

Elementary Education Act 1870

2024-01-03T19:53:59Z

DaZM:

Introduced by W.E. Forster, the Vice-President of the Committee on Education, on 17 February 1870. Following extensive debates and a number of significant changes, the Bill passed the House of Commons on 22 July and quickly passed the House of Lords. It received royal approval in less than three weeks. The Bill aimed to ensure that there were enough primary schools in England and Wales. The details in the Act were supposed to explain the way it was going to be achieved.

'''Background to the Act'''

The industrial revolution and the 1867 Reform Act underscored the importance of providing education to working class men. This time period is also characterised by a notable movement that advocated legalisation of trade unions, intertwined with a parallel effort of promoting compulsory and secular education. This educational initiative was supported by different groups such as mine workers, trade unions and some industrialists. Therefore, in 1869 the National Educational League was established to unite the groups listed above in their initiative of a free, compulsory and secular education. This movement received a lot of support from different sectors of society, encompassing those who stressed the importance of compulsory education for their children: "the first and most important thing they [a conference of miners' delegates] have declared is, that they must have compulsory education for their children" (Lawson and Silver 1973:352).

The possible implementation of mandatory public education financed and controlled by the government generated a number of discussion concerning possible conflicts with the church, the practicality of introducing of compulsory education and the possibility of financing them with charitable funds.

'''Content of the Elementary Education Act 1870'''

Elementary Education Act was finally introduced in 1870 and according to Lawson and Silver, was considered a successful compromise in English nineteenth-century history, provided that it facilitated both free and compulsory education. Moreover, it did not replace voluntary schools, it complemented them (Lawson and Silver 1973:314).

The 1970 Elementary Educational Act aimed to guarantee elementary education for all children aged 5-13 through the creation of school boards to supervise and enhance the existing school infrastructure. Moreover, the Act required sufficient school places for all children, however, it did not guarantee universal free education, except when it was confirmed that the family could not afford to pay for school (Gillard: 2018).

The Elementary Education Act consists of two parts. The first part addresses a number of important aspects, including the provision of schools and the procedures involved to their establishment. This encompasses detailed information concerning school boards and attendance policies, ensuring a comprehensive for the effective functioning of elementary education. In contrast, the second part of the Act provides information on parliamentary grants, covering all necessary details on funding and financial support for elementary school initiatives.

'''Sources:'''

“Elementary Educational Act 1970.” Education in the UK, www.education-uk.org/documents/acts/1870-elementary-education-act.html. Accessed 19 Dec. 2023.

Gillard, Derek. ''Education in the UK: a history'', 2018. www.education-uk.org/history

Hugh, Owen. ''The Elementary Education Act, 1870 (33 and 34 Vict., c. 75) with introduction, notes, and index ... and an appendix, etc..'' . London: Knight, 1872, pp. 1-39.

Lawson, John and Silver, Harold. ''A Social History of Education in England''. London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1973.

Elementary Education Act 1870

2023-12-19T14:44:59Z

DaZM:

Introduced by W.E. Forster, the Vice-President of the Committee on Education, on 17 February 1870. Following extensive debates and a number of significant changes, the Bill passed the House of Commons on 22 July and quickly passed the House of Lords. It received royal approval in less than three weeks. The Bill aimed to ensure that there were enough primary schools in England and Wales. The details in the Act were supposed to explain the way it was going to be achieved.

'''Background to the Act'''

The industrial revolution and the 1867 Reform Act underscored the importance of providing education to working class men. This time period is also characterised by a notable movement that advocated legalisation of trade unions, intertwined with a parallel effort of promoting compulsory and secular education. This educational initiative was supported by different groups such as mine workers, trade unions and some industrialists. Therefore, in 1869 the National Educational League was established to unite the groups listed above in their initiative of a free, compulsory and secular education. This movement received a lot of support from different sectors of society, encompassing those who stressed the importance of compulsory education for their children: "the first and most important thing they [a conference of miners' delegates] have declared is, that they must have compulsory education for their children" (Lawson and Silver 1973:352).

The possible implementation of mandatory public education financed and controlled by the government generated a number of discussion concerning possible conflicts with the church, the practicality of introducing of compulsory education and the possibility of financing them with charitable funds.

'''Content of the Elementary Education Act 1870'''

Elementary Education Act was finally introduced in 1870 and according to Lawson and Silver, was considered a successful compromise in English nineteenth-century history, provided that it facilitated both free and compulsory education. Moreover, it did not replace voluntary schools, it complemented them (Lawson and Silver 1973:314).

The 1970 Elementary Educational Act aimed to guarantee elementary education for all children aged 5-13 through the creation of school boards to supervise and enhance the existing school infrastructure. Moreover, the Act required sufficient school places for all children, however, it did not guarantee universal free education, except when it was confirmed that the family could not afford to pay for school.

'''Sources:'''

“Elementary Educational Act 1970.” Education in the UK, www.education-uk.org/documents/acts/1870-elementary-education-act.html. Accessed 19 Dec. 2023.

Gillard, Derek. ''Education in the UK: a history'', 2018. www.education-uk.org/history

Hugh, Owen. ''The Elementary Education Act, 1870 (33 and 34 Vict., c. 75) with introduction, notes, and index ... and an appendix, etc..'' . London: Knight, 1872, pp. 1-39.

Lawson, John and Silver, Harold. ''A Social History of Education in England''. London: Methuen & Co Ltd, 1973.

Elementary Education Act 1870

2023-12-09T16:53:34Z

DaZM:

Elementary Education Act 1870 was introduced by the Right Hon. W. E. Forster, the Vice-President of the Committee on Education, on the 17th of February, 1870. Following extensive debates and a number of significant changes, the Bill passed the House of Commons on 22nd July and quickly passed the House of Lords. It received royal approval in less than 3 weeks. The Bill aimed to ensure that there were enough primarily schools in England and Wales. The details in the Act were supposed to explain the way it was going to be achieved.

Source: Hugh, Owen. ''The Elementary Education Act, 1870 (33 and 34 vict., c. 75) with introduction, notes, and index ... and an appendix, etc..'' . London: Knight & Co., 90, Fleet Street. 1872, pp. 1-39

Elementary Education Act 1870

2023-12-09T16:49:40Z

DaZM: Created page with "Elementary Education Act 1870 was introduced by the Right Hon. W. E. Forster, the Vice-President of the Committee on Education, on the 17th of February, 1870. Following extensive debates and a number of significant changes, the Bill passed the House of Commons on 22nd July and quickly passed the House of Lords. It received royal approval in less than 3 weeks. The Bill aimed to ensure that there were enough primarily schools in England and Wales. The details in the Act we..."

Elementary Education Act 1870 was introduced by the Right Hon. W. E. Forster, the Vice-President of the Committee on Education, on the 17th of February, 1870. Following extensive debates and a number of significant changes, the Bill passed the House of Commons on 22nd July and quickly passed the House of Lords. It received royal approval in less than 3 weeks. The Bill aimed to ensure that there were enough primarily schools in England and Wales. The details in the Act were supposed to explain the way it was going to be achieved.

Source: The Elementary Education Act, 1870 (33 and 34 vict., c. 75) with introduction, notes, and index ... and an appendix, etc.. (1872). . London: Knight & Co., 90, Fleet Street.

Joint monarchs

2023-01-06T14:08:27Z

DaZM:

[[William III]] (William of Orange) and [[Mary II]] got married in 1677. They became joint King and Queen in 1689 and reigned together for five years until Mary's death in 1694.

'''Important changes that took place during their reign'''

'''Joint Rulers and Parliament'''

One of the important changes affected the balance of power between the monarch and Parliament. From 1689, it became a custom to summon Parliament each year (Smith 1998:313). One of the reason for that was the monarch’s dependence on tax revenues. The war with France required a lot of money, which could be ensured by annual sessions of Parliament given that Parliament could not only impose new taxes, but also decide how to spend them. Therefore without Parliament the tax system would have had a lot of difficulties. The power of Parliament was also supported by the [[Triennial Act of 1694]].
Obviously, Parliament exploited its new power to the fullest extent. Firstly, from 1690 onwards, a Common Commission of Public Accounts controlled government expenses. Moreover, parliamentary guarantees decided on the government’s fiscal credit, which meant that they decided whether the monarchs could borrow money from the Bank of England, whose foundation in 1694 was part of that process. Of course, not all the changes were accepted easily by William III. He tried to ban some of the decisions of Parliament until he was forced to accept them due to the lack of money.

'''Joint Rulers and the Judiciary'''

The monarch's power over the judiciary was diminished as well. In 1701 the [[Act of Settlement]] was passed, its official name was the following: "Act for the further limitation of the Crown, and better securing the fights and liberties of the subject" (Smith 1998: 315). That Act not just excluded all Catholic heirs from ascending the throne, which meant that only Protestants could claim for the position of the ruler of the country, it also restricted the power of the monarchs. Firstly, the monarch couldn't choose his or her religion anymore given that he or she had to be Protestants. Secondly, a future monarch who wasn't born in England could't start any war to protect the territories that belonged to England without Parliament's permission. Furthermore, all governmental issues were to discuss in the Privy Council. Finally, the monarch couldn't be a member of the House of Commons (Smith 1998:315). This Act entered into force after Queen Anne died.

'''Cabinet government'''

Another important change was the formation of [[Cabinet government]]. The reason for its creation was the constant absence of William III because of the wars and the necessity of his wife to reign alone, who needed help in the financial, diplomatic and military questions. Cabinet government usually consisted of 9-16 members (an inner group of officers of state and Privy Councillors) and it established a connection between Parliament and the monarchs given that its members participated in decision-making process of governmental issues, which were discussed with the monarchs and later with Parliament. Mary II sought the help of Cabinet government until her death in 1694, after which Anne [she came later, aftr William died] continued to use the Cabinet.

'''Political culture'''

Major transformation in political culture started taking place during their reign. It cannot be denied that parties existed before William III and Mary II reign, however their rapid growth happened during their government, or at least it started at that time. This can be seen by the fact, that such terms as ''Whig'' and ''Tory'' began to be implemented (Cannon 1988:436). It should be noted here that the termes emerged during the last stages of the Exclusion Crisis, hovewer their growth occurred after the Glorious Revolution (Smith 1998:317), which mirrored the main political positions in the country.
The sessions of Parliament were longer in comparison to the years before, as well as the intervals between them were shorter, which encouraged the growth and development of the political parties.

== Sources ==
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ''royal.uk'', https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* “King William III and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1702)”, ''Britroyals.com'', https://britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=william3
* Smith L., David. ''A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707''. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
* Cannon, John & Ralph Griffiths. ''The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Joint monarchs

2023-01-04T15:58:17Z

DaZM:

[[William III]] (William of Orange) and [[Mary II]] got married in 1677. They became joint King and Queen in 1689 and reigned together for five years until Mary's death in 1694.

'''Important changes that took place during their reign'''

'''Joint Rulers and Parliament'''

One of the important changes affected the balance of power between the monarch and Parliament. From 1688, it was a rule to summoned Parliament each year. One of the reason for that was the monarch’s dependence on tax revenues. The wars required a lot of money, which could be ensured by annual sessions of Parliament given that Parliament could not only impose new taxes, but also decide how to spend them. Therefore without the held of the Parliament the tax system would have had a lot of difficulties. The power of Parliament was also supported by the [[Triennial Act of 1694]].
Obviously, Parliament exploited its new power to the fullest extent. Firstly, from 1690 onwards, a Common Commission of Public Accounts controlled government expenses. Moreover, parliamentary guarantees decided on the government’s fiscal credit, which meant that they decided whether the monarchs could borrow money from the bank, which foundation in 1694 (in England and in 1695 in Scotland) was part of that process. Of course, not all the changes were accepted easily by William III. He tried to ban some of the decisions of Parliament until he was forced to accept them due to the lack of money.

'''Joint Rulers and the Judiciary'''

The monarch's power over the judiciary was diminished as well. In 1701 the [[Act of Settlement]] was passed, its official name was the following: "Act for the further limitation of the Crown, and better securing the fights and liberties of the subject " (Smith (1998:315)). That Act not just excluded all Catholic heirs from ascending the throne, which meant that only Protestants could claim for the position of the ruler of the country, it also restricted the power of the monarchs. This Act entered into force after the Queen Anne died.

'''Cabinet government'''

Another important change was the formation of [[Cabinet government]]. The reason for its creation was the constant absence of William III because of the wars and the necessity of his wife to reign alone, who needed help in the financial, diplomatic and military questions. Cabinet government usually consisted of 9-16 members and it established connection between Parliament and the monarchs. Mary II sought the help of Cabinet government until her death in 1694, after which Anne continued to use the Cabinet.

'''Political culture'''

Major transformation in political culture started taking place during their reign. It cannot be denied that parties existed before William III and Mary II reign, however their rapid growth happened during their government, or at least it started at that time. This can be seen on the fact, that such terms as ''Whig'' and ''Tory'' emerged, which mirrored the main political opposition in the country.
The sessions of Parliament were longer in comparison to the years before, as well as the intervals between them were shorter, which encouraged the growth and development of the political parties.

== Sources ==
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* “King William III and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1702)”, ‘Britroyals.com’, https://britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=william3
* Smith L., David. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998.
* Cannon, John & Ralph Griffiths. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Joint monarchs

2023-01-04T15:50:19Z

DaZM:

[[William III]] (William of Orange) and [[Mary II]] got marries in 1677. They became joint King and Queen in 1689 and reigned together for five years until Mary's death in 1694.

'''Important changes that took place during their reign'''

'''Joint Rulers and Parliament'''

One of the important changes affected the balance of power between the monarch and Parliament. From 1688, it was a rule to summoned Parliament each year. One of the reason for that was the monarch’s dependence on tax revenues. The wars required a lot of money, which could be ensured by annual sessions of Parliament given that Parliament could not only impose new taxes, but also decide how to spend them. Therefore without the held of the Parliament the tax system would have had a lot of difficulties. The power of Parliament was also supported by the [[Triennial Act of 1694]].
Obviously, Parliament exploited its new power to the fullest extent. Firstly, from 1690 onwards, a Common Commission of Public Accounts controlled government expenses. Moreover, parliamentary guarantees decided on the government’s fiscal credit, which meant that they decided whether the monarchs could borrow money from the bank, which foundation in 1694 (in England and in 1695 in Scotland) was part of that process. Of course, not all the changes were accepted easily by William III. He tried to ban some of the decisions of Parliament until he was forced to accept them due to the lack of money.

'''Joint Rulers and the Judiciary'''

The monarch's power over the judiciary was diminished as well. In 1701 the [[Act of Settlement]] was passed, its official name was the following: "Act for the further limitation of the Crown, and better securing the fights and liberties of the subject " (Smith (1998:315)). That Act not just excluded all Catholic heirs from ascending the throne, which meant that only Protestants could claim for the position of the ruler of the country, it also restricted the power of the monarchs. This Act entered into force after the Queen Anne died.

'''Cabinet government'''

Another important change was the formation of [[Cabinet government]]. The reason for its creation was the constant absence of William III because of the wars and the necessity of his wife to reign alone, who needed help in the financial, diplomatic and military questions. Cabinet government usually consisted of 9-16 members and it established connection between Parliament and the monarchs. Mary II sought the help of Cabinet government until her death in 1694, after which Anne continued to use the Cabinet.

'''Political culture'''

Major transformation in political culture started taking place during their reign. It cannot be denied that parties existed before William III and Mary II reign, however their rapid growth happened during their government, or at least it started at that time. This can be seen on the fact, that such terms as ''Whig'' and ''Tory'' emerged, which mirrored the main political opposition in the country.
The sessions of Parliament were longer in comparison to the years before, as well as the intervals between them were shorter, which encouraged the growth and development of the political parties.

== Sources ==
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* “King William III and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1702)”, ‘Britroyals.com’, https://britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=william3
* Smith L., David. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998.
* Cannon, John & Ralph Griffiths. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

Joint monarchs

2023-01-04T13:11:37Z

DaZM:

[[William III]] (William of Orange) and [[Mary II]] got marries in 1677. They became joint King and Queen in 1689 and reigned together for five years until Mary's death in 1694.

'''Important changes that took place during their reign'''

One of the important changes affected the balance of power between the monarch and Parliament. From 1688, it was a rule to summoned Parliament each year. One of the reason for that was the monarch’s dependence on tax revenues. The wars required a lot of money, which could be ensured by annual sessions of Parliament given that Parliament could not only impose new taxes, but also decide how to spend them. Therefore without the held of the Parliament the tax system would have had a lot of difficulties. The power of Parliament was also supported by the [[Triennial Act of 1694]].
Obviously, Parliament exploited its new power to the fullest extent. Firstly, from 1690 onwards, a Common Commission of Public Accounts controlled government expenses. Moreover, parliamentary guarantees decided on the government’s fiscal credit, which meant that they decided whether the monarchs could borrow money from the bank, which foundation in 1694 (in England and in 1695 in Scotland) was part of that process. Of course, not all the changes were accepted easily by William III. He tried to ban some of the decisions of Parliament until he was forced to accept them due to the lack of money.

The monarch's power over the judiciary was diminished as well. In 1701 the [[Act of Settlement]] was passed, its official name was the following: "Act for the further limitation of the Crown, and better securing the fights and liberties of the subject " (Smith (1998:315)). That Act not just excluded all Catholic heirs from ascending the throne, which meant that only Protestants could claim for the position of the ruler of the country, it also restricted the power of the monarchs. This Act entered into force after the Queen Anne died.

Another important change was the formation of [[Cabinet government]]. The reason for its creation was the constant absence of William III because of the wars and the necessity of his wife to reign alone, who needed help in the financial, diplomatic and military questions. Cabinet government usually consisted of 9-16 members and it established connection between Parliament and the monarchs. Mary II sought the help of Cabinet government until her death in 1694, after which Anne continued to use the Cabinet.

Major transformation in political culture started taking place during their reign. It cannot be denied that parties existed before William III and Mary II reign, however their rapid growth happened during their government, or at least it started at that time. This can be seen on the fact, that such terms as ''Whig'' and ''Tory'' emerged, which mirrored the main political opposition.

== Sources ==
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* “King William III and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1702)”, ‘Britroyals.com’, https://britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=william3
* Smith L., David. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998.
* Cannon, John & Ralph Griffiths. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.

William III

2023-01-04T12:50:17Z

DaZM:

William III (Prince of Orange and Stadholder of the Netherlands) was born in 1650 and died in 1702, at the age of 51 years. He was King of Great Britain and Ireland during 1689-1702 years. His father was William II of Orange and his wife was [[Mary II]] (the sister of [[Charles II]] and [[James II]]). William III was invited to England by seven English politicians (both Tories and Whigs) to become the English monarch. They sent a Letter of Invitation in June 1688, which was both unclear given that they didn’t define what was expected from him, as well as illegal since they acted against the reigning king. William III and his wife [[Mary II]] arrived in England on 5 November 1688. Later, they were offered to reign as [[joint monarchs]].

== Sources ==
* Maurer, Michael. Kleine Geschichte Englands. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1997.
* "The Act of Settlement." ''royal.uk'', https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary.
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* David, Smith L. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998.

[[Category:Expansion]]

Joint monarchs

2023-01-04T11:51:54Z

DaZM:

[[William III]] (William of Orange) and his wife [[Mary II]] reigned together for five years. They became joint King and Queen in 1689 until Mary's death in 1694.

== Sources ==
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* “King William III and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1702)”, ‘Britroyals.com’, https://britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=william3

William III

2023-01-04T11:51:41Z

DaZM:

William III (Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of the Netherlands) was born in 1650 and died in 1702, at the age of 51 years. He was King of Great Britain and Ireland during 1689-1702 years. His father was William II and his wife was [[Mary II]] (the sister of [[Charles II]] and [[James II]]). William III was invited to England by seven English politicians (both Tories and Whigs) to become the English monarch. They sent a Letter of Invitation in June 1688, which was both unclear given that they didn’t define what was expected from him, as well as illegal since they acted against the reigning king. William III and his wife [[Mary II]] arrived in England on 5 November 1688. Later, they were offered to reign as [[joint monarchs]].

== Sources ==
* Maurer, Michael. Kleine Geschichte Englands. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1997.
* "The Act of Settlement." ''royal.uk'', https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary.
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* David, Smith L. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998.

[[Category:Expansion]]

Triennial Act of 1694

2023-01-04T11:19:47Z

DaZM: /* Sources */

The Triennial Act was passed in 1694. It included that Parliament should be held within three years after the last Parliament was dismissed and that it couldn’t last longer than three years. Therefore, according to this Act, the monarchs couldn’t summon or dissolve Parliament whenever they wanted.
The Triennial Act was vetoed twice by [[William III]] before it was passed. William III was against it since it limited his power, however he was forced to accept it because of the financial difficulties.

== Sources ==
* David, Smith L. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998, pp. 314.

[[Category:Expansion]]

Joint monarchs

2023-01-04T11:19:20Z

DaZM:

Triennial Act of 1694

2022-12-28T13:57:05Z

DaZM: Created page with "The Triennial Act was passed in 1694. It included that Parliament should be held within three years after the last Parliament was dismissed and that it couldn’t last longer than three years. Therefore, according to this Act, the monarchs couldn’t summon or dissolve Parliament whenever they wanted. The Triennial Act was vetoed twice by William III before it was passed. William III was against it since it limited his power, however he was forced to accept it becau..."

William III

2022-12-28T13:44:06Z

DaZM:

1650-1702. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1689-1702.

Son to William II (Prince of Orange and stadtholder of the Netherlands) and his wife Mary (the sister of [[Charles II]] and [[James II]]). Later married to James II oldest daughter, [[Mary II|Mary]]. He was invited to England by seven English politicians (both Tories and Whigs) to become the English monarch. They sent a Letter of Invitation in June 1688, which was both unclear given that they didn’t define what was expected from him, as well as illegal since they acted against the reigning king. William III and his wife [[Mary II]] arrived in England on 5 November 1688.

They were offered to reign as [[joint monarchs]].

Important changes that took place during his reign

1. Major transfer of fiscal power from the monarch to Parliament

One of the important changes affected the balance of power between the monarch and Parliament. From 1688, it was a rule to summoned Parliament each year. One of the reason for that was the monarch’s dependence on tax revenues. The wars required a lot of money, which could be ensured by annual sessions of Parliament given that Parliament could not only impose new taxes, but also decide how to spend them. Therefore without the held of the Parliament the tax system would have had a lot of difficulties. The power of Parliament was also supported by the [[Triennial Act of 1964]].
Obviously, Parliament exploited its new power to the fullest extent. Firstly, from 1690 onwards, a Common Commission of Public Accounts controlled government expenses. Moreover, parliamentary guarantees decided on the government’s fiscal credit, which means that they decided whether the monarchs could borrow money from the bank, which foundation in 1694 (in England and in 1695 in Scotland) was part of that process.
Of course, not all the changes were accepted easily by William III. He tried to ban some of the decisions of Parliament until he was forced to accept them due to the lack of money.

== Sources ==
* Maurer, Michael. Kleine Geschichte Englands. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1997.
* "The Act of Settlement." ''royal.uk'', https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary.
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* David, Smith L. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998.

[[Category:Stub]]

William III

2022-12-28T13:38:22Z

DaZM:

1650-1702. King of Great Britain and Ireland 1689-1702.

Son to William II (Prince of Orange and stadtholder of the Netherlands) and his wife Mary (the sister of [[Charles II]] and [[James II]]). Later married to James II oldest daughter, [[Mary II|Mary]]. He was invited to England by seven English politicians (both Tories and Whigs) to become the English monarch. They sent a Letter of Invitation in June 1688, which was both unclear given that they didn’t define what was expected from him, as well as illegal since they acted against the reigning king. William III and his wife [[Mary II]] arrived in England on 5 November 1688.

They were offered to reign as [[joint monarchs]].

Important changes that took place during his reign

1. Major transfer of fiscal power from the monarch to Parliament

One of the important changes affected the balance of power between the monarch and Parliament. From 1688, it was a rule to summoned Parliament each year. One of the reason for that was the monarch’s dependence on tax revenues. The wars required a lot of money, which could be ensured by annual sessions of Parliament given that Parliament could not only impose new taxes, but also decide how to spend them. Therefore without the held of the Parliament the tax system would have had a lot of difficulties. The power of Parliament was also supported by the [[Triennial Act of 1964]].
Obviously, Parliament exploited its new power to the fullest extent. Firstly, from 1690 onwards, a Common Commission of Public Accounts controlled government expenses. Moreover, parliamentary guarantees decided on the government’s fiscal credit, which means that they decided whether the monarchs could borrow money from the bank, which foundation in 1694 (in England and in 1695 in Scotland) was part of that process.

== Sources ==
* Maurer, Michael. Kleine Geschichte Englands. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1997.
* "The Act of Settlement." ''royal.uk'', https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary.
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* David, Smith L. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998.

[[Category:Stub]]

Joint monarchs

2022-12-21T12:04:49Z

DaZM:

[[William III]] (William of Orange) and his wife [[Mary II]] reigned together for 13 years. They became joint King and Queen in 1689 till William’s death in 1702 (1689-1702).

== Sources ==
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* “King William III and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1702)”, ‘Britroyals.com’, https://britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=william3

Joint monarchs

2022-12-21T12:04:21Z

DaZM: /* Sources */

[[William III]] (William of Orange) and his wife [[Mary II]] reigned together for 13 years. They became joint king and Queen in 1689 till William’s death in 1702 (1689-1702).

== Sources ==
* “William III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689-1694)”, ‘royal.uk’, https://www.royal.uk/william-and-mary
* “King William III and Queen Mary II (1689 - 1702)”, ‘Britroyals.com’, https://britroyals.com/kings.asp?id=william3

Joint monarchs

2022-12-21T12:00:49Z

DaZM:

Joint monarchs

2022-12-21T11:59:05Z

DaZM: Created page with "William III (William of Orange) and his wife Mary II reigned together for 13 years. They became joint king and Queen in 1689 till William’s death in 1702 (1689-1702)."

William III (William of Orange) and his wife Mary II reigned together for 13 years. They became joint king and Queen in 1689 till William’s death in 1702 (1689-1702).

William III

2022-12-21T11:48:49Z

DaZM:

William III

2022-12-21T11:28:36Z

DaZM:

William III

2022-12-21T11:23:44Z

DaZM: