British Culture - User contributions [en]

Joseph Andrews

2010-01-26T20:35:48Z

Dannemhd: Created page with 'is a novel by Henry Fielding which is fully named: ''The History and Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams''. It was preceeded by his novel ''Shame…'

is a novel by [[Henry Fielding]] which is fully named: ''The History and Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams''. It was preceeded by his novel ''Shamela'' and is Fieldings second parody of the [[Epistolary Novel]] ''Pamela'' written by [[Samuel Richardson]].

The protagonist, Joseph Andrews, is Pamelas brother and Lady Booby is the aunt of Squire Booby, who married Pamela.
The novel is not only regarded to be one of the first novels of English literature but also to be the first of its realistic novels.

== Content ==
After the death of her husband, Sit Thomas Booby, Lady Booby was more and more attrackted to her young Footman Joseph Andrews. He was -as his sister Pamela- very virtuous and refused her advantages, so he ended up being discharged.
Joseph Andrews started a journey to London in order to meet his old sweetheart Fanny. First he met his friend Parson Adams who was also on his way to London.
Together they face many adventures and finally Josephs parents identify Fanny as their lost doughter. It turns out that Joseph is in fact not their biological son but was left behind when the Andrews lost their doughter. By a birthmark Joseph is recognised to be the kidnapped son of the Gentleman Wilson. Shortly later Joseph and Fanny are married by Parson Adams.

== Style ==
Henry Fielding wrote this novel in four books. In his preface, he draws the readers attention to the fact that what they are about to read is not a traditional romance but rather a comic romance or a comic epic poem in prose. So the reader was supposed to deal with people of inferior rank and therefore also inferior behaviour.
Fielding used a formal realistic style and mock epic elements in his novel.

== Sources ==

Fielding, Henry. ''Joseph Andrews'', Mineola NY: Dover Thrift Editions, 2001.

Brooks, Douglas. ''Number and Pattern in the Eighteenth-century Novel'', London: Douglas Brooks, 1973.

Laurence Sterne

2009-11-30T11:43:47Z

Dannemhd: /* Life and Literary Career */

Laurence Sterne, a novelist and humorist who lived from 1713 till 1768.

== Childhood and Education ==
Laurence Sterne was born on 24 November 1713 at Clonmel (Ireland) where his father served in the army.
He was sent to school in Halifax, Yorkshire at the age of ten and attendet Jesus College, Cambrige at a schoolarship.

== Marriage ==

Laurence Sterne married Elizabeth Lumley in 1741. They lived an unhappy marriage with stillborn children but had one living child, Lydia.

== Life and Literary Career ==

He wrote forty-five sermons, of which four volumes were published in his lifetime and three werepublished posthumously in 1769.
His major work is "''The Life And Opinions Of [Tristram Shandy'']" though he started his literary career with "''A'' ''Political Romance''" in 1759. As a result of its controversial satirical content this book was supressed causing a hard time for Laurence Sterne especially as both his mother and uncle had died and his wife had a nervous breakdown. Still Sterne managed writing on his major work and published the first two volumes at his own expense. These made him a celebrity so he brought out further seven volumes between 1761 and 1767.
In 1762 he went to France and his wife Elizabeth, who had recovered, followed him to settle permanently with him and their doughter Lydia.
Still he returned to England where he had a love-affair with Eliza Draper.
In February 1768 his book "''A Sentimental Journey''" was published and he collapsed and died three weeks later in London on 18 March 1768.

== Sources ==

Sterne, Laurence. ''A Sentimental Journey'' , London: Penguin Books, 2005

http://www.tristramshandyweb.it/sezioni/sterne/biography/sorba_biography.htm (accessed on 30 November 2009)

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565796/Laurence-Sterne# (accessed on 30 November 2009)

Laurence Sterne

2009-11-30T11:40:32Z

Dannemhd: Created page with 'Laurence Sterne, a novelist and humorist who lived from 1713 till 1768. == Childhood and Education == Laurence Sterne was born on 24 November 1713 at Clonmel (Ireland) where …'

Laurence Sterne, a novelist and humorist who lived from 1713 till 1768.

== Childhood and Education ==
Laurence Sterne was born on 24 November 1713 at Clonmel (Ireland) where his father served in the army.
He was sent to school in Halifax, Yorkshire at the age of ten and attendet Jesus College, Cambrige at a schoolarship.

== Marriage ==

Laurence Sterne married Elizabeth Lumley in 1741. They lived an unhappy marriage with stillborn children but had one living child, Lydia.

== Life and Literary Career ==

He wrote forty-five sermons, of which four volumes were published in his lifetime and three werepublished posthumously in 1769.
His major work is "''The Life And Opinions Of [Tristram Shandy'']" though he started his literary career with "''A'' ''Political Romance''" in 1759. As a result of its controcersial satirical content this book was supressed causing a hard time for Laurence Sterne especially as both his mother and uncle had died and his wife had a nervous breakdown. Still Sterne managed writing on his major work and published the first two volumes at his own expense. These made him a celebrity so he brought our further seven volumes between 1761 and 1767.
In 1762 he went to France and his wife Elizabeth, who had recovered, followed him to settle permanently with him and their doughter Lydia.
Still he returned to England where he had a love-affair with Eliza Draper.
In February 1768 his book "''A Sentimental Journey''" was published and he collapsed and died three weeks later in London on 18 March 1768.

== Sources ==

Sterne, Laurence. ''A Sentimental Journey'' , London: Penguin Books, 2005

http://www.tristramshandyweb.it/sezioni/sterne/biography/sorba_biography.htm (accessed on 30 November 2009)

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/565796/Laurence-Sterne# (accessed on 30 November 2009)

Jacobite risings

2009-11-05T21:58:54Z

Dannemhd: /* Rising of 1715 */

== The Jacobite Risings ==

The Jacobite Risings were a serious of attempts to reinstate the Stuart's on the British throne. They started after 1689 and after a lot of conspiracy and minor rebellions, there were two main risings in 1715 and 1745.

== Rising of 1715 ==

After the death of [[William III]] in 1702 the crown was given to Anne, who was followed by [[George I]] in 1714.
This drove many [[Tories]] to despair and some of them started a rebellion.
As an opening event of the Rising, John Eskine, [[Earl of Mar and the '15|Earl of Mar]], raised the standard of King James (better known as the "Old Pretender") at Braemar on 6 September 1715. This happened in front of about 600 men.
Only a few days later they spread the news that the Earl of Mar was successful in the Highlands and this caused Tories and [[Jacobites]] in Perth to action. On 12 September 1715 the important centre of trade [Perth] was captured.
Surprised by the Rising, the government had only 4000 men who were led by the Duke of Argyle.
The deciding battle was the battle of Sheriffmuir on 13 November. The Duke of Argyle could not be beaten and the Earl of Mar retired to Perth. This caused the Old Pretender to come to Peterhead in order to motivate his army again.
By now the government hat used the time to build up their army. Supported by Dutch troops they had an overwhelming force and made the Old Pretender and the Earl of Mar taking ship to France again. So the Rising was over by April 1716.

== Rising of 1745 ==

The Rising of 1745 was led by [[Charles Edward Stuart]]. He invaded England by the western routes but failed to gain English supporters. Still his march could not be stopped by Cumberland and by Wade.
After the Jacobites were posted on Culloden Moor (near Inverness), their army was destroyed in April 1746 by the outnumbered army of Cumberland. After the battle, numbers of Jacobites were slaughtered or shot. This caused Cumberland's nickname "Butcher". After hiding from the troops Bonnie Prince Charlie got away to France.
As a result of this defeat, clan standarts were burned and the wearing of a highland dress and tartan sets was forbidden.
The rebel chiefs lost their land and government prohibited their private armies and therefore destroyed all danger of another rising.

== Sources ==

Arnold-Baker, Charles. ''The Companion to British History.'' Tunbridge Wells: Longross, 1996.

Baynes, John. ''The Jacobite Rising of 1715.'' London: Cassell&Company, 1970.

Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). ''The Oxford Companion to British History.'' Oxford: University Press, 1997.

Jacobite risings

2009-11-04T15:31:59Z

Dannemhd: The Jacobite Risings were a serious of attempts to reestate Stuart monarchy to the throne. They started after 1689 and after a lot of conspiration and minor re

== The Jacobite Risings ==

The Jacobite Risings were a serious of attempts to reestate Stuart monarchy to the throne. They started after 1689 and after a lot of conspiration and minor rebellions, there were two main Risings in 1715 and 1745.

== Rising of 1715 ==

After the death of [[William III]] in 1702 the crown was given to Anne, who was followed by [[George I]] in 1714.
This drove many [[Tories]] despair and some of them started a rebellion.
As an opening event of the Rising, John Eskine, Earl of Mar, raised the standart of King James at Braemar on 6 September 1715. This happened in front of about 600 men.
Only a few days later they spread the news that the Earl of Mar was successfull in the Highlands and this caused Tories and [[Jacobites]] in Perth to action.
On 12 September 1715 the important centre of trade was captured.
Suprised by the Rising, the government had only 4000 men who were led by the Duke of Argyle.
The deciding battle was the battle of Sheriffmuir on 13 November. The Duke of Argyle could not be beaten and the Earl of Mar retired to Perth. This caused the Old Pretender to come to Peterhead in order to motivate his army again.
By now the government hat used the time to built up their army. Supported by Dutch troops they had an overwhelming force and made the Old Pretender and the Earl of Mar taking ship to France again. So the Rising was over by Aptil 1716.

== Rising of 1745 ==

The Rising of 1745 was led by [[Charles Edward Stuart]]. He invaded Endland by the western routes but failed to gain English suppoters. Still his march could not be stopped by Cumberland nor by Wade.
After the Jacobites were posted on Culloden Moor (near Inverness), their army was destroyed in April 1746 by the outnumbered army of CUmberland. After the battle, numbers of Jacobites were slaughtered or shot. This caused Cumberlands nickname "Butcher". After hiding from the troops Bonnie Prince Charlie got away to France.
As a result of this defeat, clan standarts were burned and the wearing of a highland dress and tartan setts was forbidden.
The rebel chiefs lost their land and government prohibited their private armies and therefore destroyed all danger of another rising.

== Sources ==

Arnold-Baker, Charles. ''The Companion to British History.'' Tunbridge Wells: Longross, 1996.

Baynes, John. ''The Jacobite Rising of 1715.'' Cassell&Company: London, 1970.

Cannon, John Ashton (ed.). ''The Oxford Companion to British History.'' Oxford: University Press, 1997.