British Culture - User contributions [en]

Peter Paul Rubens

2009-07-16T08:32:22Z

Dodi: Created page with '''Peter Paul Rubens'' (1577-1640) '''Peter Paul Rubens''' (June 28, 1577 - May 30, 1640) was a seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter.…'

[[Image:rubens.jpg|right|thumb|230px|''Peter Paul Rubens'' (1577-1640)]]
'''Peter Paul Rubens''' (June 28, 1577 - May 30, 1640) was a seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter. His paintings are well-known for emphasising movement, color, and sensuality. In addition to his paintings popular with nobility and art, he was also a humanist scholar and diplomat who was knighted by King Philip VI of Spain (1624) and King Charles I (1630).

== Biography ==

Peter P. Rubens was born on June 28, 1577 in Siegen, Germany. Together with his mother he moved to Antwerp in 1589, two years after his father died. In Antwerp he was raised Catholic and studied Latin and classical literature.
At the age of fourteen he began his career as painter when he studied under the two leading painters of the time, and he completed his apprenticeship in 1598.

== Italy (1600-1608) ==

Rubens travelled to Italy in 1600. He studied classical Greek and Roman art in Rom. In 1603 Rubens went to Spain on a diplomatic mission, which combined art and diplomacy. Rubens returned to Italy in 1604, where he received his most important commission (high altar of city'smost fashionable new church, Santa Maria on Vallicella).

== Antwerp (1609-1621) ==

In 1608 Rubens returned to Antwerp because he had heard of his mother's illness, but she died before he came home. In September 1609 Rubens was announced court painter by Albert VII, Archduke of Austria and his wife Isabella of Spain, daughter of Philip II of Spain, who were the governors of the Habsburg Netherlands.
Rubens used his paintings and the production of book title-papges to further extend his fame throughout Europe.

== Last Years (1622-1640) ==

The end of the Twelve Year's Truce in 1621 resulted in several diplomatic missions for Rubens. Between 1627 and 1630, he tried to bring in peace between the courts of Spain and England. In 1635 Rubens bought an estate outside of Antwerp, where he stayed until his death in 1640.

== Sources ==

*Büttner, Nils. ''Rubens''. München 2007.
*Warnke, Martin. ''Rubens, Peter Paul. Leben u. Werk''. Köln 1977.
*http://www.peterpaulrubens.org/biography.html
*http://www.artchive.com/artchive/R/rubens.html

== Link ==

*http://www.rubens-gallery.com/

File:Rubens.jpg

2009-07-16T08:29:37Z

Dodi:

Test Acts

2009-07-04T12:14:07Z

Dodi: Created page with 'The Test Acts were a series of English penal laws. They served as a religious test for public office and brought along civil disabilities for Roman Catholics and Nonconformists. …'

The Test Acts were a series of English penal laws. They served as a religious test for public office and brought along civil disabilities for Roman Catholics and Nonconformists.

The Act of Parliament, that was passed in England in 1673, required holders of public office to forswear the doctrine of transubstantiation. Furthermore they had to take the sacrament in an Anglican church, which led to an exclusion of Catholics, Nonconformists, and non‐Christians from office. In 1678 the laws were also extended to members of Parliament. It was further modified by the ''Act of Toleration of 1689'', which enabled most non-Catholics to qualify.

During the 18th century the tests were less eagerly applied; in Scotland, for example, only those engaged in education were required to make profession. Roman Catholics were still excluded from office until the ''Roman Catholic Emancipation Act'', which was passed by the Parliament of the UK on 24 March 1829, culminated the process of Catholic Emancipation in the United Kingdom, and in Ireland it repealed the last of the Penal Laws.

The '''Test Acts''' were formally repealed in the 1860s and ’70s. The ''University Test Act'' (1871) abolished the theological test required for the MA degree as well as for Oxford University and College offices.

In Scotland the tests were abolished in 1889.

==Sources==

* Committees for Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts. ''British History Online''. 04.07.2009. <http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38777>
* Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829. ''The UK Statute Law Database''. 04.07.2009. <http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?activeTextDocId=1030241>
* "Test Act." The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 04.07.2009 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/588655/test-act>

The Monument

2009-07-04T10:41:10Z

Dodi:

The '''Monument to the Great Fire of London''', known simply as '''The Monument''', is a tall stone Roman Doric column (202 ft high) next to the northern end of London Bridge.
[[File:monument2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|''The Monument'']]
==History==

After the [[Great Fire of London]] which lasted for three days from September 2, 1666, the first Rebuilding Act, which was passed in 1669, claimed that "the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation", a column made of brass or stone is to be set up on Fish Street Hill, near the bakery where the fire began. In 1671 the city commissioned the building of this memorial as a reflection on the tragic event. In order to build am adequate monument, famous architect Sir Christopher Wren was chosen to plan and design it. At this time, Wren was General Surveyor to King [[Charles II]] and had already completed [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]]. It was decided to install a single Doric column with an urn of flames at the top of the 202-foot-high pillar. The height of '''The Monument''' is the same as the distance from the site on which it stands to the baker’s home where the fire began. The column was completed in 1677, and in accordance with Wren's original intention, was at first used as a place for certain experiments of the Royal Society. Vibrations caused by traffic proved too heavy for the success of these experiments, so they were discontinued. After that the Monument became a place of historic interest, providing visitors with an overview across London from a height of about 160 feet, being the level of the public gallery.

==Architecture==

On 4th October 1677, Dr. Gale (master of St. Paul's School and later Dean of York), was requested by the Court of Aldermen to prepare an appropriate inscription for the new pillar. His inscription, having been approved by the King, was presented to Court on 22nd July and ordered to be inscribed. Altogether there are three Latin inscriptions covering three panels of the pedestal. The North side records the City's destruction, the South deals with its restoration, and the East records the years in which the building of the Monument was started, continued and finished. The west side shows a sculptured design by Cibber.

'''North Panel'''
[[File:north.jpg|left|thumb|150px|''North Panel'']]
"In the year of Christ 1666, on the 2nd September, at a distance eastward from this place of 202 feet, which is the height of this column, a fire broke out in the dead of night, which, the wind blowing devoured even distant buildings, and rushed devastating through every quarter with astonishing swiftness and noise. It consumed 89 churches, gates, the Guildhall, 'public edifices, hospitals, schools, libraries, a great number of blocks of buildings, 13,200 houses, 400 streets. Of the 26 wards, it utterly destroyed 15, and left 8 mutilated and half-burnt. The ashes of the City, covering as many as 436 acres, extended on one side from the Tower along the bank of the Thames to the church of the Templars, on the other side from the north-east along the walls to the head of Fleet-ditch. Merciless to the wealth and estates of the citizens, it was harmless to their lives, so as throughout to remind us of the final destruction of the world by fire. The havoc was swift. A little space of time saw the same city most prosperous and no longer in being. On the third day, when it had now altogether vanquished all human counsel and resource, at the bidding, as we may well believe of heaven, the fatal fire stayed its course and everywhere died out. *[But Popish frenzy, which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched.] * These last words were added in 1681 and finally deleted in 1830.

'''South Panel'''
[[File:south.jpg|left|thumb|150px|''South Panel'']]

"Charles the Second, son of Charles the Martyr, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, a most gracious prince, commiserating the deplorable state of things, whilst the ruins were yet smoking provided for the comfort of his citizens, and the ornament of his city; remitted their taxes, and referred the petitions of the magistrates and inhabitants of London to the Parliament; who immediately passed an Act, that public works should be restored to greater beauty, with public money, to be raised by an imposition on coals; that churches, and the cathedral of St. Paul's, should be rebuilt from their foundations, with all magnificence; that the bridges, gates, and prisons should be new made, the sewers cleansed, the streets made straight and regular, such as were steep levelled and those too narrow made wider, markets and shambles removed to separate places. They also enacted, that every house should be built with party-walls, and all raised of an equal height in front, and that all house walls should be strengthened with stone or brick; and that no man should delay building beyond the space of seven years. Furthermore, he procured an Act to settle beforehand the suits which should arise respecting boundaries, he also established an annual service of intercession, and caused this column to be erected as a perpetual memorial to posterity. '''Haste is seen everywhere, London rises again, whether with greater speed or greater magnificence is doubtful, three short years complete that which was considered the work of an age'''."

== Sources ==

* The Monument. Great Fire of London 1666. ''Inscriptions''. 2008. 04.07.2009. <http://www.themonument.info/history/inscriptions.asp>
* The Monument. ''A View on Cities: London''. 2009. 04.07.2009. <http://www.aviewoncities.com/london/monument.htm>
* Monument. ''City of London''. 04.07.2009. <http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Buildings_within_the_City/monument.htm>

File:Monument2.jpg

2009-07-04T10:36:43Z

Dodi:

The Monument

2009-07-04T10:35:26Z

Dodi:

The '''Monument to the Great Fire of London''', known simply as '''The Monument''', is a tall stone Roman Doric column (202 ft high) next to the northern end of London Bridge.

==History==

After the [[Great Fire of London]] which lasted for three days from September 2, 1666, the first Rebuilding Act, which was passed in 1669, claimed that "the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation", a column made of brass or stone is to be set up on Fish Street Hill, near the bakery where the fire began. In 1671 the city commissioned the building of this memorial as a reflection on the tragic event. In order to build am adequate monument, famous architect Sir Christopher Wren was chosen to plan and design it. At this time, Wren was General Surveyor to King [[Charles II]] and had already completed [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]]. It was decided to install a single Doric column with an urn of flames at the top of the 202-foot-high pillar. The height of '''The Monument''' is the same as the distance from the site on which it stands to the baker’s home where the fire began. The column was completed in 1677, and in accordance with Wren's original intention, was at first used as a place for certain experiments of the Royal Society. Vibrations caused by traffic proved too heavy for the success of these experiments, so they were discontinued. After that the Monument became a place of historic interest, providing visitors with an overview across London from a height of about 160 feet, being the level of the public gallery.

==Architecture==

On 4th October 1677, Dr. Gale (master of St. Paul's School and later Dean of York), was requested by the Court of Aldermen to prepare an appropriate inscription for the new pillar. His inscription, having been approved by the King, was presented to Court on 22nd July and ordered to be inscribed. Altogether there are three Latin inscriptions covering three panels of the pedestal. The North side records the City's destruction, the South deals with its restoration, and the East records the years in which the building of the Monument was started, continued and finished. The west side shows a sculptured design by Cibber.

'''North Panel'''
[[File:north.jpg|left|thumb|150px|''North Panel'']]
"In the year of Christ 1666, on the 2nd September, at a distance eastward from this place of 202 feet, which is the height of this column, a fire broke out in the dead of night, which, the wind blowing devoured even distant buildings, and rushed devastating through every quarter with astonishing swiftness and noise. It consumed 89 churches, gates, the Guildhall, 'public edifices, hospitals, schools, libraries, a great number of blocks of buildings, 13,200 houses, 400 streets. Of the 26 wards, it utterly destroyed 15, and left 8 mutilated and half-burnt. The ashes of the City, covering as many as 436 acres, extended on one side from the Tower along the bank of the Thames to the church of the Templars, on the other side from the north-east along the walls to the head of Fleet-ditch. Merciless to the wealth and estates of the citizens, it was harmless to their lives, so as throughout to remind us of the final destruction of the world by fire. The havoc was swift. A little space of time saw the same city most prosperous and no longer in being. On the third day, when it had now altogether vanquished all human counsel and resource, at the bidding, as we may well believe of heaven, the fatal fire stayed its course and everywhere died out. *[But Popish frenzy, which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched.] * These last words were added in 1681 and finally deleted in 1830.

'''South Panel'''
[[File:south.jpg|left|thumb|150px|''South Panel'']]

"Charles the Second, son of Charles the Martyr, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, a most gracious prince, commiserating the deplorable state of things, whilst the ruins were yet smoking provided for the comfort of his citizens, and the ornament of his city; remitted their taxes, and referred the petitions of the magistrates and inhabitants of London to the Parliament; who immediately passed an Act, that public works should be restored to greater beauty, with public money, to be raised by an imposition on coals; that churches, and the cathedral of St. Paul's, should be rebuilt from their foundations, with all magnificence; that the bridges, gates, and prisons should be new made, the sewers cleansed, the streets made straight and regular, such as were steep levelled and those too narrow made wider, markets and shambles removed to separate places. They also enacted, that every house should be built with party-walls, and all raised of an equal height in front, and that all house walls should be strengthened with stone or brick; and that no man should delay building beyond the space of seven years. Furthermore, he procured an Act to settle beforehand the suits which should arise respecting boundaries, he also established an annual service of intercession, and caused this column to be erected as a perpetual memorial to posterity. '''Haste is seen everywhere, London rises again, whether with greater speed or greater magnificence is doubtful, three short years complete that which was considered the work of an age'''."

== Sources ==

* The Monument. Great Fire of London 1666. ''Inscriptions''. 2008. 04.07.2009. <http://www.themonument.info/history/inscriptions.asp>
* The Monument. ''A View on Cities: London''. 2009. 04.07.2009. <http://www.aviewoncities.com/london/monument.htm>
* Monument. ''City of London''. 04.07.2009. <http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Buildings_within_the_City/monument.htm>

File:Monument.jpg

2009-07-04T10:31:53Z

Dodi: uploaded a new version of "File:Monument.jpg"

File:Monument.jpg

2009-07-04T10:29:10Z

Dodi:

File:South.jpg

2009-07-04T10:26:24Z

Dodi:

File:North.jpg

2009-07-04T10:26:13Z

Dodi:

File:Sculpture.jpg

2009-07-04T10:26:02Z

Dodi:

The Monument

2009-07-04T10:25:42Z

Dodi: Created page with 'The '''Monument to the Great Fire of London''', known simply as '''The Monument''', is a tall stone Roman Doric column (202 ft high) next to the northern end of London Bridge. …'

The '''Monument to the Great Fire of London''', known simply as '''The Monument''', is a tall stone Roman Doric column (202 ft high) next to the northern end of London Bridge.

==History==

After the [[Great Fire of London]] which lasted for three days from September 2, 1666, the first Rebuilding Act, which was passed in 1669, claimed that "the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation", a column made of brass or stone is to be set up on Fish Street Hill, near the bakery where the fire began. In 1671 the city commissioned the building of this memorial as a reflection on the tragic event. In order to build am adequate monument, famous architect Sir Christopher Wren was chosen to plan and design it. At this time, Wren was General Surveyor to King [[Charles II]] and had already completed [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]]. It was decided to install a single Doric column with an urn of flames at the top of the 202-foot-high pillar. The height of '''The Monument''' is the same as the distance from the site on which it stands to the baker’s home where the fire began. The column was completed in 1677, and in accordance with Wren's original intention, was at first used as a place for certain experiments of the Royal Society. Vibrations caused by traffic proved too heavy for the success of these experiments, so they were discontinued. After that the Monument became a place of historic interest, providing visitors with an overview across London from a height of about 160 feet, being the level of the public gallery.

==Architecture==

On 4th October 1677, Dr. Gale (master of St. Paul's School and later Dean of York), was requested by the Court of Aldermen to prepare an appropriate inscription for the new pillar. His inscription, having been approved by the King, was presented to Court on 22nd July and ordered to be inscribed. Altogether there are three Latin inscriptions covering three panels of the pedestal. The North side records the City's destruction, the South deals with its restoration, and the East records the years in which the building of the Monument was started, continued and finished. The west side shows a sculptured design by Cibber.

'''North Panel'''

"In the year of Christ 1666, on the 2nd September, at a distance eastward from this place of 202 feet, which is the height of this column, a fire broke out in the dead of night, which, the wind blowing devoured even distant buildings, and rushed devastating through every quarter with astonishing swiftness and noise. It consumed 89 churches, gates, the Guildhall, 'public edifices, hospitals, schools, libraries, a great number of blocks of buildings, 13,200 houses, 400 streets. Of the 26 wards, it utterly destroyed 15, and left 8 mutilated and half-burnt. The ashes of the City, covering as many as 436 acres, extended on one side from the Tower along the bank of the Thames to the church of the Templars, on the other side from the north-east along the walls to the head of Fleet-ditch. Merciless to the wealth and estates of the citizens, it was harmless to their lives, so as throughout to remind us of the final destruction of the world by fire. The havoc was swift. A little space of time saw the same city most prosperous and no longer in being. On the third day, when it had now altogether vanquished all human counsel and resource, at the bidding, as we may well believe of heaven, the fatal fire stayed its course and everywhere died out. *[But Popish frenzy, which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched.] * These last words were added in 1681 and finally deleted in 1830.

'''South Panel'''

"Charles the Second, son of Charles the Martyr, King of Great Britain, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, a most gracious prince, commiserating the deplorable state of things, whilst the ruins were yet smoking provided for the comfort of his citizens, and the ornament of his city; remitted their taxes, and referred the petitions of the magistrates and inhabitants of London to the Parliament; who immediately passed an Act, that public works should be restored to greater beauty, with public money, to be raised by an imposition on coals; that churches, and the cathedral of St. Paul's, should be rebuilt from their foundations, with all magnificence; that the bridges, gates, and prisons should be new made, the sewers cleansed, the streets made straight and regular, such as were steep levelled and those too narrow made wider, markets and shambles removed to separate places. They also enacted, that every house should be built with party-walls, and all raised of an equal height in front, and that all house walls should be strengthened with stone or brick; and that no man should delay building beyond the space of seven years. Furthermore, he procured an Act to settle beforehand the suits which should arise respecting boundaries, he also established an annual service of intercession, and caused this column to be erected as a perpetual memorial to posterity. '''Haste is seen everywhere, London rises again, whether with greater speed or greater magnificence is doubtful, three short years complete that which was considered the work of an age'''."

== Sources ==

* The Monument. Great Fire of London 1666. ''Inscriptions''. 2008. 04.07.2009. <http://www.themonument.info/history/inscriptions.asp>
* The Monument. ''A View on Cities: London''. 2009. 04.07.2009. <http://www.aviewoncities.com/london/monument.htm>
* Monument. ''City of London''. 04.07.2009. <http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Leisure_and_culture/Local_history_and_heritage/Buildings_within_the_City/monument.htm>

Robert Boyle

2009-06-22T10:30:05Z

Dodi:

'''Robert Boyle''' (1627 - 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and gentleman scientist. He is also noted for his writings in theology and best known for the formulation of ''Boyle's Law''.

[[Image:boyle.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Robert Boyle'' (1627-1691)]]
==Early Years==

Boyle was born on 27 January 1627, the seventh son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork by his second wife, Catherine. During his childhood, Robert learned to speak Latin, Greek and French. At the age of seven, following the death of his mother, he was sent to Eton College in England. After spending only a few years at Eton, he received further education in Geneva. In 1644 he returned to England and settled at Stalbridge in Dorset, a manor that was left to him by his father, who had died the previous year. At this time Boyle started his carreer as a writer of moral and literary topics rather than scientific ones. Not before 1949 he devoted himself to experimental science and became a member of the ''"Invisible College"''. Starting in the early 1650s, Boyle began to write treatises on scientific topics and to carry out a series of experiments on the properties of air. At this time, hardly any of his writings were publicised, but from 1659 onwards he began to publish o a regular basis, covering natural philosophy, medicine and religion.

==Later Years==
In 1668 he moved to London, where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh. Boyle kept on experimenting, pilling information and writing, until he died on 30 December 1691 from paralysis. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields. In his last will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.

==Sources==

* Hunter, Michael. "Robert Boyle (1627-91) - a Brief Introduction." ''Robert Boyle (1627-91)''. 2004. 22.06.2009. <http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_learn/robert_boyle_introduction.htm>
* "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 17 June 2009, 04:55 CET. 22 June 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle>
* MacIntosh, J.J. "Robert Boyle". ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. 2006. 22.06.2009. <http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle>

Robert Boyle

2009-06-22T10:10:08Z

Dodi:

'''Robert Boyle''' (1627 - 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and gentleman scientist. He is also noted for his writings in theology and best known for the formulation of ''Boyle's Law''.

[[Image:boyle.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Robert Boyle'' (1627-1691)]]
==Early Years==

Boyle was born on 27 January 1627, the seventh son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork by his second wife, Catherine. During his childhood, Robert learned to speak Latin, Greek and French. At the age of seven, following the death of his mother, he was sent to Eton College in England. After spending only a few years at Eton, he received further education in Geneva. In 1644 he returned to England and settled at Stalbridge in Dorset, a manor that was left to him by his father, who had died the previous year. At this time Boyle started his carreer as a writer of moral and literary topics rather than scientific ones. Not before 1949 he devoted himself to experimental science and became a member of the ''"Invisible College"''. Starting in the early 1650s, Boyle began to write treatises on scientific topics and to carry out a series of experiments on the properties of air. At this time, hardly any of his writings were publicised, but from 1659 onwards he began to publish o a regular basis, covering natural philosophy, medicine and religion.

==Later Years==
In 1668 he moved to London, where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh. Boyle kept on experimenting, pilling information and writing, until he died on 30 December 1691 from paralysis. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields. In his last will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.

==Sources==

* Hunter, Michael. "Robert Boyle (1627-91) - a Brief Introduction." ''Robert Boyle (1627-91)''. 2004. 22.06.2009. <[http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_learn/robert_boyle_introduction.htm]>
* "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 17 June 2009, 04:55 CET. 22 June 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle>
* MacIntosh, J.J. "Robert Boyle". ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. 2006. 22.06.2009. <[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle]>

Robert Boyle

2009-06-22T10:08:33Z

Dodi:

'''Robert Boyle''' (1627 - 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and gentleman scientist. He is also noted for his writings in theology and best known for the formulation of ''Boyle's Law''.

[[Image:boyle.jpg|right|thumb|150px|]]
==Early Years==

Boyle was born on 27 January 1627, the seventh son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork by his second wife, Catherine. During his childhood, Robert learned to speak Latin, Greek and French. At the age of seven, following the death of his mother, he was sent to Eton College in England. After spending only a few years at Eton, he received further education in Geneva. In 1644 he returned to England and settled at Stalbridge in Dorset, a manor that was left to him by his father, who had died the previous year. At this time Boyle started his carreer as a writer of moral and literary topics rather than scientific ones. Not before 1949 he devoted himself to experimental science and became a member of the ''"Invisible College"''. Starting in the early 1650s, Boyle began to write treatises on scientific topics and to carry out a series of experiments on the properties of air. At this time, hardly any of his writings were publicised, but from 1659 onwards he began to publish o a regular basis, covering natural philosophy, medicine and religion.

==Later Years==
In 1668 he moved to London, where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh. Boyle kept on experimenting, pilling information and writing, until he died on 30 December 1691 from paralysis. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields. In his last will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.

==Sources==

* Hunter, Michael. "Robert Boyle (1627-91) - a Brief Introduction." ''Robert Boyle (1627-91)''. 2004. 22.06.2009. <[http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_learn/robert_boyle_introduction.htm]>
* "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 17 June 2009, 04:55 CET. 22 June 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle>
* MacIntosh, J.J. "Robert Boyle". ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. 2006. 22.06.2009. <[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle]>

File:Boyle.jpg

2009-06-22T10:05:05Z

Dodi:

Robert Boyle

2009-06-22T10:04:28Z

Dodi:

'''Robert Boyle''' (1627 - 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and gentleman scientist. He is also noted for his writings in theology and best known for the formulation of ''Boyle's Law''.

'''Early Years'''

Boyle was born on 27 January 1627, the seventh son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork by his second wife, Catherine. During his childhood, Robert learned to speak Latin, Greek and French. At the age of seven, following the death of his mother, he was sent to Eton College in England. After spending only a few years at Eton, he received further education in Geneva. In 1644 he returned to England and settled at Stalbridge in Dorset, a manor that was left to him by his father, who had died the previous year. At this time Boyle started his carreer as a writer of moral and literary topics rather than scientific ones. Not before 1949 he devoted himself to experimental science and became a member of the ''"Invisible College"''. Starting in the early 1650s, Boyle began to write treatises on scientific topics and to carry out a series of experiments on the properties of air. At this time, hardly any of his writings were publicised, but from 1659 onwards he began to publish o a regular basis, covering natural philosophy, medicine and religion.

'''Later Years'''
In 1668 he moved to London, where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh. Boyle kept on experimenting, pilling information and writing, until he died on 30 December 1691 from paralysis. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields. In his last will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.

'''Sources'''

* Hunter, Michael. "Robert Boyle (1627-91) - a Brief Introduction." ''Robert Boyle (1627-91)''. 2004. 22.06.2009. <[http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_learn/robert_boyle_introduction.htm]>
* "Robert Boyle". Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 17 June 2009, 04:55 CET. 22 June 2009. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle>
* MacIntosh, J.J. "Robert Boyle". ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. 2006. 22.06.2009. <[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle]>

Robert Boyle

2009-06-22T09:59:27Z

Dodi:

'''Robert Boyle''' (1627 - 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and gentleman scientist. He is also noted for his writings in theology and best known for the formulation of ''Boyle's Law''.

'''Early Years'''

Boyle was born on 27 January 1627, the seventh son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork by his second wife, Catherine. During his childhood, Robert learned to speak Latin, Greek and French. At the age of seven, following the death of his mother, he was sent to Eton College in England. After spending only a few years at Eton, he received further education in Geneva. In 1644 he returned to England and settled at Stalbridge in Dorset, a manor that was left to him by his father, who had died the previous year. At this time Boyle started his carreer as a writer of moral and literary topics rather than scientific ones. Not before 1949 he devoted himself to experimental science and became a member of the ''"Invisible College"''. Starting in the early 1650s, Boyle began to write treatises on scientific topics and to carry out a series of experiments on the properties of air. At this time, hardly any of his writings were publicised, but from 1659 onwards he began to publish o a regular basis, covering natural philosophy, medicine and religion.

'''Later Years'''
In 1668 he moved to London, where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh. Boyle kept on experimenting, pilling information and writing, until he died on 30 December 1691 from paralysis. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields. In his last will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.

'''Sources'''

Hunter, Michael. "Robert Boyle (1627-91) - a Brief Introduction." ''Robert Boyle (1627-91)''. 2004. 22.06.2009. <[http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_learn/robert_boyle_introduction.htm]>
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/

Robert Boyle

2009-06-22T09:53:22Z

Dodi:

'''Robert Boyle''' (1627 - 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and gentleman scientist. He is also noted for his writings in theology and best known for the formulation of ''Boyle's Law''.

'''Early Years'''

Boyle was born on 27 January 1627, the seventh son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork by his second wife, Catherine. During his childhood, Robert learned to speak Latin, Greek and French. At the age of seven, following the death of his mother, he was sent to Eton College in England. After spending only a few years at Eton, he received further education in Geneva. In 1644 he returned to England and settled at Stalbridge in Dorset, a manor that was left to him by his father, who had died the previous year. At this time Boyle started his carreer as a writer of moral and literary topics rather than scientific ones. Not before 1949 he devoted himself to experimental science and became a member of the ''"Invisible College"''. Starting in the early 1650s, Boyle began to write treatises on scientific topics and to carry out a series of experiments on the properties of air. At this time, hardly any of his writings were publicised, but from 1659 onwards he began to publish o a regular basis, covering natural philosophy, medicine and religion.

'''Later Years'''
In 1668 he moved to London, where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh. Boyle kept on experimenting, pilling information and writing, until he died on 30 December 1691 from paralysis. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields. In his last will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.