https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Eikelmannj 2026-05-11T12:52:06Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Colonel_Blood&diff=2828 2009-08-02T10:28:34Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels'''<br /> <br /> Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.<br /> <br /> [[File:ColonelBLood.jpg|300px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> == The Person and his misdeeds ==<br /> <br /> Thomas Blood, who liked to be known as Colonel Blood, is believed to be a quite mysterious character. He is linked to various dissident and hostile groups to the government. But at the same time he was also involved in Government Counsel. Thus, he is sometimes viewed in the light of being a kind of double-agent, playing both sides against each other. <br /> <br /> Blood was born in the County Clare presumably in 1618. His father was an Irish ironmaster and owned lands in the Counties of Meath and of Wicklow. <br /> Blood himself spent most of his life in England. He married Miss Holcroft in 1648 and became an officer of the Cromwellian army roughly at the same time. Colonel Thomas Blood died 24th August 1680, at home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. <br /> During the English Civil war he is said to have done espionage and therefore received land instead of payment when he returned to Ireland. <br /> But when the monarchy was restored in 1660 he lost all his lands.<br /> <br /> In 1663 he tried to capture James Butler, Duke of Ormond, in revenge who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and thus based at Dublin Castle. Colonel Blood and some accomplices planned to force their way into the castle but the plan had been discovered and most of his followers were captured and arrested. Although Blood had then a price on his head in England he managed to escape to Holland using various disguises (including a priest and a Quaker). His brother Lackie, however, was not so lucky; he was tried, convicted and executed for High Treason. Blood though should later try to capture the Duke again. <br /> <br /> In 1667 a price was put on his head again, when he successfully tried to rescue an old friend of his - Captain Mason. Mason was escorted to York when a battle ensued. Blood was admittedly wounded but several troopers were killed and so approximately £500 were offered for his capture. However, Blood was able to flee again and settled in Kent for a time, using the name Thomas Allen. <br /> <br /> He then tried to capture the Duke of Ormond again in 1670. The Duke was on a trip to England when Blood planned to hang him in Tyburn. But although Blood tried to attack the Duke with a pistol, this was rescued and able to escape unharmed. It is not clear why Blood attempted to capture the Duke again. Some say that he was acting on the orders of the Second Duke of York, George [[Villiers]]. Others assume that Blood wanted revenge for the treatment of his old gang in Dublin, some years earlier. Others even believe that he was just trying to keep the Duke custody until this agreed to return Blood's Irish estates back to him. <br /> <br /> <br /> == The Theft of the Crown Jewels ==<br /> <br /> The stealing of the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London is Colonel Blood's most famous wrongdoing, as well as the most famous attempt to flight of the Tower of London. [[File:CrownJewels.jpg|200px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> In 1671 Blood went to the Tower disguised as a parson and got in contact with Talbot Edwards, who was the keeper of the Jewels. Blood said that the lady who accompanied him was mad about seeing the Crown Jewels, once in her life. At the sight of the Crown Jewels she then pretended to faint. <br /> Talbot Edward and his wife tried to help her. At the following day, Blood came back with a present for Edward's wife in return and mentioned that his nephew would be a model husband for Edward's daughter. By this, Blood managed to get the confidence of Edwards and thus he and his accomplices became well acquainted with the security arrangements of the Tower. On 9th May, which was the day of the wedding, Blood and his gang were able to attack and bound Edwards and stole the Jewels. They took the orb, the Crown and the sceptre, which they even tried to cut in two pieces to make it handier for transportation! Edwards somehow managed to raise the alarm and Blood and his followers were captured and imprisoned in the Tower. <br /> Blood, famous for his courage, refused speaking to anyone except the king, who was [[Charles II]] at that time. The king agreed to see and listen to him in Whitehall. Rather unclear how he did it, as his doings should have lead to his execution, Blood was not only released on 18th July but also got his Irish estates back. He seemed to have gained the favour of King Charles II as he was granted a pension of £500 per annum in addition and was a sight for sore eyes at court from that time on. <br /> Here again, people assume that Blood was granted this generosity due to himself being a double-agent. He probably has served the King well some time in his life and this was his reward.<br /> <br /> == Trivia ==<br /> <br /> Due to Blood's reputation of being a double-agent and trickery, his body is said to be exhumed to verify the fact that he actually was dead. <br /> <br /> His epitaph read &quot;Here lies the man who boldly hath run through More villanies than England ever knew&quot;.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/index.html]<br /> * Clare County Library [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/blood.htm]<br /> * Find a Grave [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=6531625]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2768 2009-07-22T16:00:17Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority over the depicted characters. It usually describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are described in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usually happy.<br /> <br /> == Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it. They mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot; (Cuddon, 743). In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male characters with a developed sex-drive), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love, so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated [[repartee]] and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The other group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. Although this opposition between aristocrats and citizens holds true for some comedies, the more general pattern juxtaposes in-group and out-group irrespective of their class, more dependent on following the right lifestyle. And one of the standard happy endings is the marriage between the daughter of a citizen and the male protagonist. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * [[William Congreve]]<br /> ''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> <br /> ''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> <br /> ''The Way of the World'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * [[George Etherege]]<br /> ''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * [[George Farquhar]]<br /> ''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> <br /> ''The Beaux' Stratagem''(1707)<br /> <br /> * [[John Vanbrugh]]<br /> ''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> <br /> ''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * [[William Wycherley]] <br /> ''[[The Country Wife]]'' (publ. 1675)<br /> <br /> ''The Plain Dealer'' (publ. 1677)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Colonel_Blood&diff=2612 2009-07-20T13:11:14Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels'''<br /> <br /> Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.<br /> <br /> [[File:ColonelBLood.jpg|300px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> == The Person and his misdeeds ==<br /> <br /> Thomas Blood, who liked to be known as Colonel Blood, is believed to be a quite mysterious character. He is linked to various dissident and hostile groups to the government. But at the same time he was also involved in Government Counsel. Thus, he is sometimes viewed in the light of being a kind of double-agent, playing both sides against each other. <br /> <br /> Blood was born in the County Clare presumably in 1618. His father was an Irish ironmaster and owned lands in the Counties of Meath and of Wicklow. <br /> Blood himself spent most of his life in England. He married Miss Holcroft in 1648 and became an officer of the Cromwellian army roughly at the same time. Colonel Thomas Blood died 24th August 1680, at home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. <br /> During the English Civil war he is said to have done espionage and therefore received land instead of payment when he returned to Ireland. <br /> But when the monarchy was restored in 1660 he lost all his lands.<br /> <br /> In 1663 he tried to capture James Butler, Duke of Ormond, in revenge who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and thus based at Dublin Castle. Colonel Blood and some accomplices planned to force their way into the castle but the plan had been discovered and most of his followers were captured and arrested. Although Blood had then a price on his head in England he managed to escape to Holland using various disguises (including a priest and a Quaker). His brother Lackie, however, was not so lucky; he was tried, convicted and executed for High Treason. Blood though should later try to capture the Duke again. <br /> <br /> In 1667 a price was put on his head again, when he successfully tried to rescue an old friend of his - Captain Mason. Mason was escorted to York when a battle ensued. Blood was admittedly wounded but several troopers were killed and so approximately £500 were offered for his capture. However, Blood was able to flee again and settled in Kent for a time, using the name Thomas Allen. <br /> <br /> He then tried to capture the Duke of Ormond again in 1670. The Duke was on a trip to England when Blood planned to hang him in Tyburn. But although Blood tried to attack the Duke with a pistol, this was rescued and able to escape unharmed. It is not clear why Blood attempted to capture the Duke again. Some say that he was acting on the orders of the Second Duke of York, George Villiers. Others assume that Blood wanted revenge for the treatment of his old gang in Dublin, some years earlier. Others even believe that he was just trying to keep the Duke custody until this agreed to return Blood's Irish estates back to him. <br /> <br /> <br /> == The Theft of the Crown Jewels ==<br /> <br /> The stealing of the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London is Colonel Blood's most famous wrongdoing, as well as the most famous attempt to flight of Tower of London. [[File:CrownJewels.jpg|200px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> In 1671 Blood went to the Tower disguised as a parson and got in contact with Talbot Edwards, who was the keeper of the Jewels. Blood said that the lady who accompanied him was mad about seeing the Crown Jewels, once in her life. At the sight of the Crown Jewels she then pretended to faint. <br /> Talbot Edward and his wife tried to help her. At the following day, Blood came back with a present for Edward's wife in return and mentioned that his nephew would be a model husband for Edward's daughter. By this, Blood managed to get the confidence of Edwards and thus he and his accomplices became well acquainted with the security arrangements of the Tower. On 9th May, which was the day of the wedding, Blood and his gang were able to attack and bound Edwards and stole the Jewels. They took the orb, the Crown and the sceptre, which they even tried to cut in two pieces to make it handier for transportation! Edwards somehow managed to raise the alarm and Blood and his followers were captured and imprisoned in the Tower. <br /> Blood, famous for his courage, refused speaking to anyone except the king, who was [[Charles II]] at that time. The king agreed to see and listen to him in Whitehall. Rather unclear how he did it, as his doings should have lead to his execution, Blood was not only released on 18th July but also got his Irish Estates back. He seemed to have gained the favour of King Charles II as he was granted a pension of £500 per annum in addition and was a sight for sore eyes at court from that time on. <br /> Here again, people assume that Blood was granted this generosity due to himself being a double-agent. He probably has served the King well some time in his life and this was his reward.<br /> <br /> == Trivia ==<br /> <br /> Due to Blood's reputation of being a double-agent and trickery, his body is said to be exhumed to verify the fact that he actually was dead. <br /> <br /> His epitaph read &quot;Here lies the man who boldly hath run through More villanies than England ever knew&quot;.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/index.html]<br /> * Clare County Library [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/blood.htm]<br /> * Find a Grave [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=6531625]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2609 2009-07-19T19:34:00Z

<p>Eikelmannj: /* The Restoration Comedy */</p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are described in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it. They mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * [[William Congreve]]<br /> ''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> <br /> ''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> <br /> ''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * [[George Etheredge]]<br /> ''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * [[George Farquhar]]<br /> ''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> <br /> ''The Beaux' Stratagem''(1707)<br /> <br /> * [[John Vanbrugh]]<br /> ''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> <br /> ''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * [[William Wycherley]] <br /> ''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> <br /> ''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2608 2009-07-19T19:11:19Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are described in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it, mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * [[William Congreve]]<br /> ''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> <br /> ''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> <br /> ''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * [[George Etheredge]]<br /> ''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * [[George Farquhar]]<br /> ''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> <br /> ''The Beaux' Stratagem''(1707)<br /> <br /> * [[John Vanbrugh]]<br /> ''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> <br /> ''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * [[William Wycherley]] <br /> ''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> <br /> ''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2607 2009-07-19T19:08:30Z

<p>Eikelmannj: /* Main Authors and Works */</p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are described in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it, mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * [[William Congreve]]<br /> -''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> -''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> -''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * [[George Etheredge]]<br /> -''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * [[George Farquhar]]<br /> -''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> -''The Beaux' Stratagem''<br /> <br /> * [[John Vanbrugh]]<br /> -''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> -''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * [[William Wycherley]] <br /> -''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> -''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2606 2009-07-19T19:07:34Z

<p>Eikelmannj: /* Main Authors and Works */</p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are described in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it, mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * [[William Congreve]]<br /> *''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> *''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> *''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * [[George Etheredge]]<br /> *''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * [[George Farquhar]]<br /> *''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> *''The Beaux' Stratagem''<br /> <br /> * [[John Vanbrugh]]<br /> *''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> *''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * [[William Wycherley]] <br /> *''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> *''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2605 2009-07-19T19:05:22Z

<p>Eikelmannj: /* The Restoration Comedy */</p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are described in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it, mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * [[William Congreve]]<br /> - ''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> - ''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> - ''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * [[George Etheredge]]<br /> - ''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * [[George Farquhar]]<br /> - ''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> - ''The Beaux' Stratagem''<br /> <br /> * [[John Vanbrugh]]<br /> - ''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> - ''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * [[William Wycherley]] <br /> - ''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> - ''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2604 2009-07-19T19:04:48Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are described in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it, mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and [[rank]], [[fops]] (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * [[William Congreve]]<br /> - ''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> - ''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> - ''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * [[George Etheredge]]<br /> - ''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * [[George Farquhar]]<br /> - ''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> - ''The Beaux' Stratagem''<br /> <br /> * [[John Vanbrugh]]<br /> - ''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> - ''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * [[William Wycherley]] <br /> - ''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> - ''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2603 2009-07-19T19:02:14Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and earlier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are decribed in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it, mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * William Congreve<br /> - ''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> - ''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> - ''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * George Etheredge<br /> - ''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * George Farquhar<br /> - ''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> - ''The Beaux' Stratagem''<br /> <br /> * John Vanbrugh<br /> - ''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> - ''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * William Wycherley <br /> - ''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> - ''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Restoration_Comedy&diff=2602 2009-07-19T19:00:58Z

<p>Eikelmannj: Created page with &#039;Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as &#039;&#039;artificial comedy&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;comedy of manners&#039;&#039;, and eralier also as &#039;&#039;Old comedy&#039;&#039;. Usually restoration comedy is a term whic…&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>Restoration Comedy is sometimes also referred to as ''artificial comedy'' or ''comedy of manners'', and eralier also as ''Old comedy''. <br /> Usually restoration comedy is a term which is used for the kind of drama between the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 and the beginning of the sentimental comedy at the beginning of the 18th century.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Comedy ==<br /> <br /> A comedy is usually a play, written to amuse its audience, often by appealing to a sense of superiority above the depicted characters. It usally describes things which are much closer to everyday life and manners than those which are decribed in a tragedy. Consequently, it explores more common human failings and misbehaviour rather than the catastrophes which are typical for tragedies. <br /> The ending is usally happy.<br /> <br /> == The Restoration Comedy ==<br /> <br /> Restoration comedies refer to the time of the Restoration or at least close to it, mainly present &quot;a society of elegance and stylishness&quot;(Cuddon, 743).<br /> In addition, they feature stereotypes of the period, such as ladies and gentlemen of fashion and rank, fops (= followers of fashion) and rakes (= male parts), gallants, and country bumpkins (= someone from the country) as well as social climbers. <br /> The main topic is the complexity of sexual as well as of marital intrigue (the game of love so to say) and thus they often deal with adultery and cheating. The plots are often represented by using sophisticated repartee and the knowledge of the right behaviour and manners of the society. <br /> <br /> The characters can often be divided according to two social groups. There are characters that belong to the young aristocrats. Those are usually able to behave according to the social norms, as they know them very well and understand how to manipulate them as well. The others group of characters are the social &quot;upstarts&quot; who come from the middle-class and try to belong to the upper-class but often fail and expose themselves by a series of blunders. <br /> <br /> The main purpose of this comedies is to mock society. This could have caused negative as well as positive audience responses. If the play was successful, the audience laughed and left the theatres with a good feeling. <br /> <br /> If we can say that the comedies somehow mirror society, some plays show rather a dark and sombre view. Some of the description of marriage are quite crushing. Even if the ends are happy and the man usually gets the woman in the end, we can find marriages and love affairs without love and that break with all the known traditions of the time.<br /> <br /> == Main Authors and Works ==<br /> <br /> * William Congreve<br /> - ''The Double Dealer'' (1694)<br /> - ''Love for Love'' (1695)<br /> - ''The Way of the Wolrd'' (1700)<br /> <br /> * George Etheredge<br /> - ''The Man of Mode'' (1676)<br /> <br /> * George Farquhar<br /> - ''The Recruiting Officer'' (1706)<br /> - ''The Beaux' Stratagem''<br /> <br /> * John Vanbrugh<br /> - ''The Relapse'' (1697)<br /> - ''The Provoked Wife'' (1697)<br /> <br /> * William Wycherley <br /> - ''The Country Wife'' (1672 or 1673)<br /> - ''The Plain Dealer'' (1674)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *Baldick, Chris. ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms''. Oxford: OUP, 1990.<br /> *Cuddon, J.A. ''The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory''. London: Penguin Books, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Game of Love: Restoration Comedy [http://classiclit.about.com/cs/articles/a/aa_restoration.htm]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2583 2009-07-19T12:23:52Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. It is an [[Anglican]] church rebuilt in the neoclassical style by [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] from 1677-1708. Situated in the [[City of London]] it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London and therefore is the seat of the Bishop of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> ===Middle Ages===<br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> ===Reformation and Changes=== <br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> <br /> === Stuart Age===<br /> <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair. <br /> Thus, [[Charles I]] tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement [[Inigo Jones]], the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the [[Civil War]] the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> [[Oliver Cromwell]] used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> ===The Great Fire of London 1666===<br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. Its wooden roof was one of the main reasons for its burning down.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Wren's Masterpiece== <br /> <br /> Two years after the Great Fire Sir [[Christopher Wren]] was chosen to design the new structure of the church. <br /> Out of different attempts his Greek Cross design was chosen. The influence of the [[Renaissance]] is distinctive, but also [[gothic]] features are respected. He started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. St Paul's Cathedral was the first church to be built by just one architect and to be finished during his lifetime. In contrast to Old St Paul's the new cathedral is made out of brick and stone. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New [[Globe Theatre]] in Southwark. <br /> He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> <br /> The cathedral clearly shows the influences from [[France]] and mainly Italy. Wren combined clear symmetry and order with ornamentation which shows his synthesis of [[baroque]] and [[neoclassical]] styles. This can clearly be seen in the Western facade. The portico is inspired by Greek and Roman temples. The towers on each side of the portico stand for the pomp and elegance of baroque architecture, and give the impression of massive stability. This conjunction projects a dynamic feeling of movement. <br /> From the inside the combination of paintings, sculptures and architecture, in case of a mass even music, creates a [[Gesamtkunstwerk]], which according to John Evelyn &quot;strikes the understanding as well as the eye with […] majesty and solemn greatness&quot; (quoted in Briggs 168). <br /> <br /> <br /> The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. The cross on top is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons. The dome is a triple structure: While both the lead-covered outer and the decoratively painted inner dome are very lightweight, the middle structure is built of bricks, holding the weight of the lantern, the golden cross, as well as the domes themselves. [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎ |200px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> <br /> [[James II]] called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> ==Trivia==<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> ==Tombs in St Paul's==<br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir [[Philip Sidney]] (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir [[Christopher Wren]] (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> ==References and Further Reading==<br /> * Stevenson, Neil. ''Annotated Guides - Architecture''. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2006. <br /> * Lang, Jane. ''Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.<br /> * Matthews, Walter Robert. ''A history of St. Paul's Cathedral and the men associated with it.'' London: Baker, 1964. <br /> * Michael Maurer. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Englands.''Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.<br /> * Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain.'' Malden: Blackwell, 2003.<br /> * Briggs, Asa. ''A Social History of England.'' Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999.<br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm St Ethelbert]<br /> * [http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History St Paul's Cathedral website]<br /> * [http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm St Paul's Cathedral on archinform.net]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Colonel_Blood&diff=2582 2009-07-19T12:21:32Z

<p>Eikelmannj: /* The Theft of the Crown Jewels */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels'''<br /> <br /> Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.<br /> <br /> [[File:ColonelBLood.jpg|300px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> == The Person and his misdeeds ==<br /> <br /> Thomas Blood, who liked to be known as Colonel Blood, is believed to be a quite mysterious character. He is linked to various dissident and hostile groups to the government. But at the same time he was also involved in Government Counsel. Thus, he is sometimes viewed in the light of being a kind of double-agent, playing both sides against each other. <br /> <br /> Blood was born in the County Clare presumably in 1618. His father was an Irish ironmaster and owned lands in the Counties of Meath and of Wicklow. <br /> Blood himself spent most of his life in England. He married Miss Holcroft in 1648 and became an officer of the Cromwellian army roughly at the same time. Colonel Thomas Blood died 24th August 1680, at home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. <br /> During the English Civil war he is said to have done espionage and therefore received land instead of payment when he returned to Ireland. <br /> But when the monarchy was restored in 1660 he lost all his lands.<br /> <br /> In 1663 he tried to capture James Butler, Duke of Ormond, in revenge who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and thus based at Dublin Castle. Colonel Blood and some accomplices planned to force their way into the castle but the plan had been discovered and most of his followers were captured and arrested. Although Blood had then a price on his head in England he managed to escape to Holland using various disguises (including a priest and a Quaker). His brother Lackie, however, was not so lucky; he was tried, convicted and executed for High Treason. Blood though should later try to capture the Duke again. <br /> <br /> In 1667 a price was put on his head again, when he successfully tried to rescue an old friend of his - Captain Mason. Mason was escorted to York when a battle ensued. Blood was admittedly wounded but several troopers were killed and so approximately £500 were offered for his capture. However, Blood was able to flee again and settled in Kent for a time, using the name Thomas Allen. <br /> <br /> He then tried to capture the Duke of Ormond again in 1670. The Duke was on a trip to England when Blood planned to hang him in Tyburn. But although Blood tried to attack the Duke with a pistol, this was rescued and able to escape unharmed. It is not clear why Blood attempted to capture the Duke again. Some say that he was acting on the orders of the Second Duke of York, George Villiers. Others assume that Blood wanted revenge for the treatment of his old gang in Dublin, some years earlier. Others even believe that he was just trying to keep the Duke custody until this agreed to return Blood's Irish estates back to him. <br /> <br /> <br /> == The Theft of the Crown Jewels ==<br /> <br /> The stealing of the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London is Colonel Blood's most famous wrongdoing, as well as the most famous attempt to flight of Tower of London. [[File:CrownJewels.jpg|200px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> In 1671 Blood went to the Tower disguised as a parson and got in contact with Talbot Edwards, who was the keeper of the Jewels. Blood said that the lady who accompanied him was mad about seeing the Crown Jewels, once in her life. At the sight of the Crown Jewels she then pretended to faint. <br /> Talbot Edward and his wife tried to help her. At the following day, Blood came back with a present for Edward's wife in return and mentioned that his nephew would be a model husband for Edward's daughter. By this, Blood managed to get the confidence of Edwards and thus he and his accomplices became well acquainted with the security arrangements of the Tower. On 9th May, which was the day of the wedding, Blood and his gang were able to attack and bound Edwards and stole the Jewels. They took the orb, the Crown and the sceptre, which they even tried to cut in two pieces to make it handier for transportation! Edwards somehow managed to raise the alarm and Blood and his followers were captured and imprisoned in the Tower. <br /> Blood, famous for his courage, refused speaking to anyone except the king, who was [[Charles II]] at that time. The king agreed to see and listen to him in Whitehall. Rather unclear how he did it, as his doings should have lead to his execution, Blood was not only released on 18th July but also got his Irish Estates back. He seemed to have gained the favour of King Charles II as he was granted a pension of £500 per annum in addition and was a sight for sore eyes at court from that time on. <br /> Here again, people assume that Blood was granted this generosity due to himself being a double-agent. He probably has served the King well some time in his life and this was his reward.<br /> <br /> == Trivia ==<br /> <br /> Due to Blood's reputation of being a double-agent and trickery, his body is said to be exhumed to verify the fact that he actually was dead. <br /> <br /> His epitaph read &quot;Here lies the man who boldly hath run through More villanies than England ever knew&quot;.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/tommbld.html]<br /> * Clare County Library [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/blood.htm]<br /> * Find a Grave [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=6531625]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Colonel_Blood&diff=2581 2009-07-19T12:20:18Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels'''<br /> <br /> Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.<br /> <br /> [[File:ColonelBLood.jpg|300px|thumb|right|alt text]]<br /> == The Person and his misdeeds ==<br /> <br /> Thomas Blood, who liked to be known as Colonel Blood, is believed to be a quite mysterious character. He is linked to various dissident and hostile groups to the government. But at the same time he was also involved in Government Counsel. Thus, he is sometimes viewed in the light of being a kind of double-agent, playing both sides against each other. <br /> <br /> Blood was born in the County Clare presumably in 1618. His father was an Irish ironmaster and owned lands in the Counties of Meath and of Wicklow. <br /> Blood himself spent most of his life in England. He married Miss Holcroft in 1648 and became an officer of the Cromwellian army roughly at the same time. Colonel Thomas Blood died 24th August 1680, at home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. <br /> During the English Civil war he is said to have done espionage and therefore received land instead of payment when he returned to Ireland. <br /> But when the monarchy was restored in 1660 he lost all his lands.<br /> <br /> In 1663 he tried to capture James Butler, Duke of Ormond, in revenge who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and thus based at Dublin Castle. Colonel Blood and some accomplices planned to force their way into the castle but the plan had been discovered and most of his followers were captured and arrested. Although Blood had then a price on his head in England he managed to escape to Holland using various disguises (including a priest and a Quaker). His brother Lackie, however, was not so lucky; he was tried, convicted and executed for High Treason. Blood though should later try to capture the Duke again. <br /> <br /> In 1667 a price was put on his head again, when he successfully tried to rescue an old friend of his - Captain Mason. Mason was escorted to York when a battle ensued. Blood was admittedly wounded but several troopers were killed and so approximately £500 were offered for his capture. However, Blood was able to flee again and settled in Kent for a time, using the name Thomas Allen. <br /> <br /> He then tried to capture the Duke of Ormond again in 1670. The Duke was on a trip to England when Blood planned to hang him in Tyburn. But although Blood tried to attack the Duke with a pistol, this was rescued and able to escape unharmed. It is not clear why Blood attempted to capture the Duke again. Some say that he was acting on the orders of the Second Duke of York, George Villiers. Others assume that Blood wanted revenge for the treatment of his old gang in Dublin, some years earlier. Others even believe that he was just trying to keep the Duke custody until this agreed to return Blood's Irish estates back to him. <br /> <br /> <br /> == The Theft of the Crown Jewels ==<br /> <br /> The stealing of the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London is Colonel Blood's most famous wrongdoing, as well as the most famous attempt to flight of Tower of London. <br /> In 1671 Blood went to the Tower disguised as a parson and got in contact with Talbot Edwards, who was the keeper of the Jewels. Blood said that the lady who accompanied him was mad about seeing the Crown Jewels, once in her life. At the sight of the Crown Jewels she then pretended to faint. <br /> Talbot Edward and his wife tried to help her. At the following day, Blood came back with a present for Edward's wife in return and mentioned that his nephew would be a model husband for Edward's daughter. By this, Blood managed to get the confidence of Edwards and thus he and his accomplices became well acquainted with the security arrangements of the Tower. On 9th May, which was the day of the wedding, Blood and his gang were able to attack and bound Edwards and stole the Jewels. They took the orb, the Crown and the sceptre, which they even tried to cut in two pieces to make it handier for transportation! Edwards somehow managed to raise the alarm and Blood and his followers were captured and imprisoned in the Tower. <br /> Blood, famous for his courage, refused speaking to anyone except the king, who was [[Charles II]] at that time. The king agreed to see and listen to him in Whitehall. Rather unclear how he did it, as his doings should have lead to his execution, Blood was not only released on 18th July but also got his Irish Estates back. He seemed to have gained the favour of King Charles II as he was granted a pension of £500 per annum in addition and was a sight for sore eyes at court from that time on. <br /> Here again, people assume that Blood was granted this generosity due to himself being a double-agent. He probably has served the King well some time in his life and this was his reward. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Trivia ==<br /> <br /> Due to Blood's reputation of being a double-agent and trickery, his body is said to be exhumed to verify the fact that he actually was dead. <br /> <br /> His epitaph read &quot;Here lies the man who boldly hath run through More villanies than England ever knew&quot;.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/tommbld.html]<br /> * Clare County Library [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/blood.htm]<br /> * Find a Grave [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=6531625]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=File:ColonelBLood.jpg&diff=2580 2009-07-19T12:10:23Z

<p>Eikelmannj: Colonel Thomas Blood</p> <hr /> <div>Colonel Thomas Blood</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=File:CrownJewels.jpg&diff=2579 2009-07-19T12:09:44Z

<p>Eikelmannj: The Jewels Blood tired to steal.</p> <hr /> <div>The Jewels Blood tired to steal.</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Colonel_Blood&diff=2578 2009-07-19T11:31:31Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels'''<br /> <br /> Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.<br /> <br /> <br /> == The Person and his misdeeds ==<br /> <br /> Thomas Blood, who liked to be known as Colonel Blood, is believed to be a quite mysterious character. He is linked to various dissident and hostile groups to the government. But at the same time he was also involved in Government Counsel. Thus, he is sometimes viewed in the light of being a kind of double-agent, playing both sides against each other. <br /> <br /> Blood was born in the County Clare presumably in 1618. His father was an Irish ironmaster and owned lands in the Counties of Meath and of Wicklow. <br /> Blood himself spent most of his life in England. He married Miss Holcroft in 1648 and became an officer of the Cromwellian army roughly at the same time. Colonel Thomas Blood died 24th August 1680, at home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. <br /> During the English Civil war he is said to have done espionage and therefore received land instead of payment when he returned to Ireland. <br /> But when the monarchy was restored in 1660 he lost all his lands.<br /> <br /> In 1663 he tried to capture James Butler, Duke of Ormond, in revenge who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and thus based at Dublin Castle. Colonel Blood and some accomplices planned to force their way into the castle but the plan had been discovered and most of his followers were captured and arrested. Although Blood had then a price on his head in England he managed to escape to Holland using various disguises (including a priest and a Quaker). His brother Lackie, however, was not so lucky; he was tried, convicted and executed for High Treason. Blood though should later try to capture the Duke again. <br /> <br /> In 1667 a price was put on his head again, when he successfully tried to rescue an old friend of his - Captain Mason. Mason was escorted to York when a battle ensued. Blood was admittedly wounded but several troopers were killed and so approximately £500 were offered for his capture. However, Blood was able to flee again and settled in Kent for a time, using the name Thomas Allen. <br /> <br /> He then tried to capture the Duke of Ormond again in 1670. The Duke was on a trip to England when Blood planned to hang him in Tyburn. But although Blood tried to attack the Duke with a pistol, this was rescued and able to escape unharmed. It is not clear why Blood attempted to capture the Duke again. Some say that he was acting on the orders of the Second Duke of York, George Villiers. Others assume that Blood wanted revenge for the treatment of his old gang in Dublin, some years earlier. Others even believe that he was just trying to keep the Duke custody until this agreed to return Blood's Irish estates back to him. <br /> <br /> <br /> == The Theft of the Crown Jewels ==<br /> <br /> The stealing of the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London is Colonel Blood's most famous wrongdoing, as well as the most famous attempt to flight of Tower of London. <br /> In 1671 Blood went to the Tower disguised as a parson and got in contact with Talbot Edwards, who was the keeper of the Jewels. Blood said that the lady who accompanied him was mad about seeing the Crown Jewels, once in her life. At the sight of the Crown Jewels she then pretended to faint. <br /> Talbot Edward and his wife tried to help her. At the following day, Blood came back with a present for Edward's wife in return and mentioned that his nephew would be a model husband for Edward's daughter. By this, Blood managed to get the confidence of Edwards and thus he and his accomplices became well acquainted with the security arrangements of the Tower. On 9th May, which was the day of the wedding, Blood and his gang were able to attack and bound Edwards and stole the Jewels. They took the orb, the Crown and the sceptre, which they even tried to cut in two pieces to make it handier for transportation! Edwards somehow managed to raise the alarm and Blood and his followers were captured and imprisoned in the Tower. <br /> Blood, famous for his courage, refused speaking to anyone except the king, who was [[Charles II]] at that time. The king agreed to see and listen to him in Whitehall. Rather unclear how he did it, as his doings should have lead to his execution, Blood was not only released on 18th July but also got his Irish Estates back. He seemed to have gained the favour of King Charles II as he was granted a pension of £500 per annum in addition and was a sight for sore eyes at court from that time on. <br /> Here again, people assume that Blood was granted this generosity due to himself being a double-agent. He probably has served the King well some time in his life and this was his reward. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Trivia ==<br /> <br /> Due to Blood's reputation of being a double-agent and trickery, his body is said to be exhumed to verify the fact that he actually was dead. <br /> <br /> His epitaph read &quot;Here lies the man who boldly hath run through More villanies than England ever knew&quot;.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/tommbld.html]<br /> * Clare County Library [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/blood.htm]<br /> * Find a Grave [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=6531625]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Colonel_Blood&diff=2577 2009-07-19T11:27:58Z

<p>Eikelmannj: /* Links */</p> <hr /> <div>'''Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels'''<br /> <br /> Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.<br /> <br /> == The Person and his misdeeds ==<br /> <br /> Thomas Blood, who liked to be known as Colonel Blood, is believed to be a quite mysterious character. He is linked to various dissident and hostile groups to the government. But at the same time he was also involved in Government Counsel. Thus, he is sometimes viewed in the light of being a kind of double-agent, playing both sides against each other. <br /> <br /> Blood was born in the County Clare presumably in 1618. His father was an Irish ironmaster and owned lands in the Counties of Meath and of Wicklow. <br /> Blood himself spent most of his life in England. He married Miss Holcroft in 1648 and became an officer of the Cromwellian army roughly at the same time. Colonel Thomas Blood died 24th August 1680, at home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. <br /> During the English Civil war he is said to have done espionage and therefore received land instead of payment when he returned to Ireland. <br /> But when the monarchy was restored in 1660 he lost all his lands.<br /> <br /> In 1663 he tried to capture James Butler, Duke of Ormond, in revenge who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and thus based at Dublin Castle. Colonel Blood and some accomplices planned to force their way into the castle but the plan had been discovered and most of his followers were captured and arrested. Although Blood had then a price on his head in England he managed to escape to Holland using various disguises (including a priest and a Quaker). His brother Lackie, however, was not so lucky; he was tried, convicted and executed for High Treason. Blood though should later try to capture the Duke again. <br /> <br /> In 1667 a price was put on his head again, when he successfully tried to rescue an old friend of his - Captain Mason. Mason was escorted to York when a battle ensued. Blood was admittedly wounded but several troopers were killed and so approximately £500 were offered for his capture. However, Blood was able to flee again and settled in Kent for a time, using the name Thomas Allen. <br /> <br /> He then tried to capture the Duke of Ormond again in 1670. The Duke was on a trip to England when Blood planned to hang him in Tyburn. But although Blood tried to attack the Duke with a pistol, this was rescued and able to escape unharmed. It is not clear why Blood attempted to capture the Duke again. Some say that he was acting on the orders of the Second Duke of York, George Villiers. Others assume that Blood wanted revenge for the treatment of his old gang in Dublin, some years earlier. Others even believe that he was just trying to keep the Duke custody until this agreed to return Blood's Irish estates back to him. <br /> <br /> == The Theft of the Crown Jewels ==<br /> <br /> The stealing of the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London is Colonel Blood's most famous wrongdoing, as well as the most famous attempt to flight of Tower of London. <br /> In 1671 Blood went to the Tower disguised as a parson and got in contact with Talbot Edwards, who was the keeper of the Jewels. Blood said that the lady who accompanied him was mad about seeing the Crown Jewels, once in her life. At the sight of the Crown Jewels she then pretended to faint. <br /> Talbot Edward and his wife tried to help her. At the following day, Blood came back with a present for Edward's wife in return and mentioned that his nephew would be a model husband for Edward's daughter. By this, Blood managed to get the confidence of Edwards and thus he and his accomplices became well acquainted with the security arrangements of the Tower. On 9th May, which was the day of the wedding, Blood and his gang were able to attack and bound Edwards and stole the Jewels. They took the orb, the Crown and the sceptre, which they even tried to cut in two pieces to make it handier for transportation! Edwards somehow managed to raise the alarm and Blood and his followers were captured and imprisoned in the Tower. <br /> Blood, famous for his courage, refused speaking to anyone except the king, who was [[Charles II]] at that time. The king agreed to see and listen to him in Whitehall. Rather unclear how he did it, as his doings should have lead to his execution, Blood was not only released on 18th July but also got his Irish Estates back. He seemed to have gained the favour of King Charles II as he was granted a pension of £500 per annum in addition and was a sight for sore eyes at court from that time on. <br /> Here again, people assume that Blood was granted this generosity due to himself being a double-agent. He probably has served the King well some time in his life and this was his reward. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Trivia ==<br /> <br /> Due to Blood's reputation of being a double-agent and trickery, his body is said to be exhumed to verify the fact that he actually was dead. <br /> <br /> His epitaph read &quot;Here lies the man who boldly hath run through More villanies than England ever knew&quot;.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and History [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/tommbld.html]<br /> * Clare County Library [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/blood.htm]<br /> * Find a Grave [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=6531625]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Colonel_Blood&diff=2576 2009-07-19T11:27:19Z

<p>Eikelmannj: Created page with &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels&#039;&#039;&#039; Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the …&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Colonel Blood or the thief of the Crown Jewels'''<br /> <br /> Colonel Blood or Thomas Blood as his real name was, lived from 1618-1680. He was an Irish adventurer and tried to steal the Crown Jewels in 1671.<br /> <br /> == The Person and his misdeeds ==<br /> <br /> Thomas Blood, who liked to be known as Colonel Blood, is believed to be a quite mysterious character. He is linked to various dissident and hostile groups to the government. But at the same time he was also involved in Government Counsel. Thus, he is sometimes viewed in the light of being a kind of double-agent, playing both sides against each other. <br /> <br /> Blood was born in the County Clare presumably in 1618. His father was an Irish ironmaster and owned lands in the Counties of Meath and of Wicklow. <br /> Blood himself spent most of his life in England. He married Miss Holcroft in 1648 and became an officer of the Cromwellian army roughly at the same time. Colonel Thomas Blood died 24th August 1680, at home in Bowling Alley, Westminster. <br /> During the English Civil war he is said to have done espionage and therefore received land instead of payment when he returned to Ireland. <br /> But when the monarchy was restored in 1660 he lost all his lands.<br /> <br /> In 1663 he tried to capture James Butler, Duke of Ormond, in revenge who was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and thus based at Dublin Castle. Colonel Blood and some accomplices planned to force their way into the castle but the plan had been discovered and most of his followers were captured and arrested. Although Blood had then a price on his head in England he managed to escape to Holland using various disguises (including a priest and a Quaker). His brother Lackie, however, was not so lucky; he was tried, convicted and executed for High Treason. Blood though should later try to capture the Duke again. <br /> <br /> In 1667 a price was put on his head again, when he successfully tried to rescue an old friend of his - Captain Mason. Mason was escorted to York when a battle ensued. Blood was admittedly wounded but several troopers were killed and so approximately £500 were offered for his capture. However, Blood was able to flee again and settled in Kent for a time, using the name Thomas Allen. <br /> <br /> He then tried to capture the Duke of Ormond again in 1670. The Duke was on a trip to England when Blood planned to hang him in Tyburn. But although Blood tried to attack the Duke with a pistol, this was rescued and able to escape unharmed. It is not clear why Blood attempted to capture the Duke again. Some say that he was acting on the orders of the Second Duke of York, George Villiers. Others assume that Blood wanted revenge for the treatment of his old gang in Dublin, some years earlier. Others even believe that he was just trying to keep the Duke custody until this agreed to return Blood's Irish estates back to him. <br /> <br /> == The Theft of the Crown Jewels ==<br /> <br /> The stealing of the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London is Colonel Blood's most famous wrongdoing, as well as the most famous attempt to flight of Tower of London. <br /> In 1671 Blood went to the Tower disguised as a parson and got in contact with Talbot Edwards, who was the keeper of the Jewels. Blood said that the lady who accompanied him was mad about seeing the Crown Jewels, once in her life. At the sight of the Crown Jewels she then pretended to faint. <br /> Talbot Edward and his wife tried to help her. At the following day, Blood came back with a present for Edward's wife in return and mentioned that his nephew would be a model husband for Edward's daughter. By this, Blood managed to get the confidence of Edwards and thus he and his accomplices became well acquainted with the security arrangements of the Tower. On 9th May, which was the day of the wedding, Blood and his gang were able to attack and bound Edwards and stole the Jewels. They took the orb, the Crown and the sceptre, which they even tried to cut in two pieces to make it handier for transportation! Edwards somehow managed to raise the alarm and Blood and his followers were captured and imprisoned in the Tower. <br /> Blood, famous for his courage, refused speaking to anyone except the king, who was [[Charles II]] at that time. The king agreed to see and listen to him in Whitehall. Rather unclear how he did it, as his doings should have lead to his execution, Blood was not only released on 18th July but also got his Irish Estates back. He seemed to have gained the favour of King Charles II as he was granted a pension of £500 per annum in addition and was a sight for sore eyes at court from that time on. <br /> Here again, people assume that Blood was granted this generosity due to himself being a double-agent. He probably has served the King well some time in his life and this was his reward. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Trivia ==<br /> <br /> Due to Blood's reputation of being a double-agent and trickery, his body is said to be exhumed to verify the fact that he actually was dead. <br /> <br /> His epitaph read &quot;Here lies the man who boldly hath run through More villanies than England ever knew&quot;.<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> <br /> * Camelot International: Britain's Heritage and Hsitory [http://www.camelotintl.com/tower_site/jewels/tommbld.html]<br /> * Clare County Library [http://www.clarelibrary.ie/eolas/coclare/people/blood.htm]<br /> * Find a Grave [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=6531625]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2451 2009-07-15T19:52:18Z

<p>Eikelmannj: /* References and Further Reading */</p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. It is an [[Anglican]] church rebuilt in the neoclassical style by [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] from 1677-1708. Situated in the [[City of London]] it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London and therefore is the seat of the Bishop of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> ===Middle Ages===<br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> ===Reformation and Changes=== <br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> <br /> === Stuart Age===<br /> <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair. <br /> Thus, [[Charles I]] tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement [[Inigo Jones]], the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the [[Civil War]] the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> [[Cromwell]] used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> ===The Great Fire of London 1666===<br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. Its wooden roof was one of the main reasons for its burning down.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Wren's Masterpiece== <br /> <br /> Two years after the Great Fire Sir [[Christopher Wren]] was chosen to design the new structure of the church. <br /> Out of different attempts his Greek Cross design was chosen. The influence of the [[Renaissance]] is distinctive, but also [[gothic]] features are respected. He started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. St Paul's Cathedral was the first church to be built by just one architect and to be finished during his lifetime. In contrast to Old St Paul's the new cathedral is made out of brick and stone. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New [[Globe Theatre]] in Southwark. <br /> He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> <br /> The cathedral clearly shows the influences from [[France]] and mainly Italy. Wren combined clear symmetry and order with ornamentation which shows his synthesis of [[baroque]] and [[neoclassical]] styles. This can clearly be seen in the Western facade. The portico is inspired by Greek and Roman temples. The towers on each side of the portico stand for the pomp and elegance of baroque architecture, and give the impression of massive stability. This conjunction projects a dynamic feeling of movement. <br /> From the inside the combination of paintings, sculptures and architecture, in case of a mass even music, creates a [[Gesamtkunstwerk]], which according to John Evelyn &quot;strikes the understanding as well as the eye with […] majesty and solemn greatness&quot; (quoted in Briggs 168). <br /> <br /> <br /> The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. The cross on top is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons. The dome is a triple structure: While both the lead-covered outer and the decoratively painted inner dome are very lightweight, the middle structure is built of bricks, holding the weight of the lantern, the golden cross, as well as the domes themselves.<br /> <br /> [[James II]] called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Trivia==<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Tombs in St Paul's==<br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir [[Philip Sidney]] (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir [[Christopher Wren]] (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References and Further Reading==<br /> * Stevenson, Neil. ''Annotated Guides - Architecture''. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2006. <br /> * Lang, Jane. ''Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.<br /> * Matthews, Walter Robert. ''A history of St. Paul's Cathedral and the men associated with it.'' London: Baker, 1964. <br /> * Michael Maurer. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Englands.''Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.<br /> * Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain.'' Malden: Blackwell, 2003.<br /> * Briggs, Asa. ''A Social History of England.'' Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999.<br /> * Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann, 1999.<br /> <br /> ===Links===<br /> * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm St Ethelbert]<br /> * [http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History St Paul's Cathedral website]<br /> * [http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm St Paul's Cathedral on archinform.net]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=User_talk:Maxi&diff=2450 2009-07-15T19:46:56Z

<p>Eikelmannj: Created page with &#039;Hallo Maxi, ist ja kein Problem. Ich finde den neuen - überarbeiteten - Artikel prima. Unsere beiden Teile passen ja anscheinend gut zusammen. Vielen Dank auch, dass du die …&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>Hallo Maxi, <br /> <br /> ist ja kein Problem. Ich finde den neuen - überarbeiteten - Artikel prima. <br /> Unsere beiden Teile passen ja anscheinend gut zusammen. <br /> Vielen Dank auch, dass du die links formatiert hast, etc.<br /> Ich hoffe, du bekommst jetzt die Credits!<br /> <br /> Lieben Gruß<br /> Jacqueline</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=User_talk:Eikelmannj&diff=2449 2009-07-15T19:46:17Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Hallo Jaqueline, <br /> <br /> ich wollte Dich nur kurz informieren, dass ich deinen Artikel überarbeitet habe, indem ich meinen eingefügt habe. <br /> War den vorgeschlagenen Themen von Wiki gefolgt, laut denen es noch keinen Artikel zu St Paul's gab. <br /> Die E-tutors haben mich dann gebeten unsere Artikel verbinde, damit ich die Credits kriege. <br /> Du behälts deine Credits natürlich!!!!<br /> <br /> Liebe Grüße <br /> [[User:Maxi|Maxi]]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=User_talk:Eikelmannj&diff=2448 2009-07-15T19:45:19Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Hallo Maxi, <br /> <br /> ist ja kein Problem. Ich finde den neuen - überarbeiteten - Artikel prima. <br /> Unsere beiden Teile passen ja anscheinend gut zusammen. <br /> Vielen Dank auch, dass du die links formatiert hast, etc.<br /> Ich hoffe, du bekommst jetzt die Credits!<br /> <br /> Lieben Gruß<br /> Jacqueline <br /> <br /> <br /> Hallo Jaqueline, <br /> <br /> ich wollte Dich nur kurz informieren, dass ich deinen Artikel überarbeitet habe, indem ich meinen eingefügt habe. <br /> War den vorgeschlagenen Themen von Wiki gefolgt, laut denen es noch keinen Artikel zu St Paul's gab. <br /> Die E-tutors haben mich dann gebeten unsere Artikel verbinde, damit ich die Credits kriege. <br /> Du behälts deine Credits natürlich!!!!<br /> <br /> Liebe Grüße <br /> [[User:Maxi|Maxi]]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=User_talk:Eikelmannj&diff=2447 2009-07-15T19:44:36Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Hallo Maxi, <br /> <br /> ist ja kein Problem. Ich finde den neuen - überarbeiteten - Artikel prima. <br /> Unsere beiden Teile passen ja anscheinend gut zusammen. <br /> Vielen Dank auch, dass du die links formatiert hast, etc.<br /> Ich hoffe, du bekommst jetzt die Credits!<br /> <br /> Lieben Gruß<br /> --[[User:Eikelmannj|Eikelmannj]] 19:44, 15 July 2009 (UTC) <br /> <br /> Hallo Jaqueline, <br /> <br /> ich wollte Dich nur kurz informieren, dass ich deinen Artikel überarbeitet habe, indem ich meinen eingefügt habe. <br /> War den vorgeschlagenen Themen von Wiki gefolgt, laut denen es noch keinen Artikel zu St Paul's gab. <br /> Die E-tutors haben mich dann gebeten unsere Artikel verbinde, damit ich die Credits kriege. <br /> Du behälts deine Credits natürlich!!!!<br /> <br /> Liebe Grüße <br /> [[User:Maxi|Maxi]]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=User_talk:Eikelmannj&diff=2446 2009-07-15T19:43:17Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Hallo Maxi, <br /> <br /> ist ja kein Problem. Ich finde den neuen - überarbeiteten - Artikel prima. <br /> Unsere beiden Teile passen ja anscheinend gut zusammen. <br /> Vielen Dank auch, dass du die links formatiert hast, etc.<br /> Ich hoffe, du bekommst jetzt die Credits!<br /> <br /> Lieben Gruß<br /> [[Jacqueline]] <br /> <br /> Hallo Jaqueline, <br /> <br /> ich wollte Dich nur kurz informieren, dass ich deinen Artikel überarbeitet habe, indem ich meinen eingefügt habe. <br /> War den vorgeschlagenen Themen von Wiki gefolgt, laut denen es noch keinen Artikel zu St Paul's gab. <br /> Die E-tutors haben mich dann gebeten unsere Artikel verbinde, damit ich die Credits kriege. <br /> Du behälts deine Credits natürlich!!!!<br /> <br /> Liebe Grüße <br /> [[User:Maxi|Maxi]]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=User_talk:Eikelmannj&diff=2445 2009-07-15T19:42:35Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>Hallo Maxi, <br /> <br /> ist ja kein Problem. Ich finde den neuen - überarbeiteten - Artikel prima. <br /> Unsere beiden Teile passen ja anscheinend gut zusammen. <br /> Vielen Dank auch, dass du die links formatiert hast, etc.<br /> Ich hoffe, du bekommst jetzt die Credits!<br /> <br /> Lieben Gruß<br /> Jacqueline <br /> <br /> Hallo Jaqueline, <br /> <br /> ich wollte Dich nur kurz informieren, dass ich deinen Artikel überarbeitet habe, indem ich meinen eingefügt habe. <br /> War den vorgeschlagenen Themen von Wiki gefolgt, laut denen es noch keinen Artikel zu St Paul's gab. <br /> Die E-tutors haben mich dann gebeten unsere Artikel verbinde, damit ich die Credits kriege. <br /> Du behälts deine Credits natürlich!!!!<br /> <br /> Liebe Grüße <br /> [[User:Maxi|Maxi]]</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2246 2009-07-07T20:13:01Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement Inigo Jones, the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupola. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer [here is something missing, isn't it?]<br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> [[James II]] called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2245 2009-07-07T20:11:53Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement Inigo Jones, the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupola. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.[[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎/right]]<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer [here is something missing, isn't it?]<br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> [[James II]] called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2244 2009-07-07T20:07:54Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement Inigo Jones, the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupola. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer [here is something missing, isn't it?]<br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> [[James II]] called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2230 2009-07-06T21:28:18Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2229 2009-07-06T21:27:59Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]<br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2228 2009-07-06T21:27:33Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2227 2009-07-06T21:26:56Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2226 2009-07-06T21:26:28Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]<br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2225 2009-07-06T21:25:40Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]<br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2224 2009-07-06T21:24:56Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]<br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2223 2009-07-06T21:24:02Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.[[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer. <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2222 2009-07-06T21:23:20Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons. <br /> <br /> [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer. <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=File:St_Pau%27s_cupola.jpg&diff=2221 2009-07-06T21:22:05Z

<p>Eikelmannj: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:St Pau&#039;s cupola.jpg&quot;:&amp;#32;Inner view of the cupola.</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2220 2009-07-06T21:21:15Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons. <br /> <br /> [[File:St_Pau's_cupola.jpg‎]]<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer. <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=File:St_Pau%27s_cupola.jpg&diff=2219 2009-07-06T21:19:21Z

<p>Eikelmannj: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Eikelmannj https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=St_Paul%27s_Cathedral&diff=2218 2009-07-06T21:07:58Z

<p>Eikelmannj: Created page with &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;St Paul&#039;s Cathedral&#039;&#039;&#039; is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the &#039;&#039;City of London&#039;&#039; it is an iconic part of the city&#039;s skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is …&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. Situated in the ''City of London'' it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''History'''<br /> <br /> The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place. <br /> The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there. <br /> <br /> In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert(552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.<br /> He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London. <br /> This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later. <br /> <br /> Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was errected which lastet for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it. <br /> <br /> After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lghtning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.<br /> <br /> Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as for instance aa an indoor market hall (selling fisch, beer, ale, meat &amp; fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders. <br /> At that time the tombs and the baptist font served as counters. <br /> <br /> In addition, the foot(1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar. <br /> The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds werde not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports. <br /> Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need for repair. <br /> Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again. <br /> <br /> Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies. <br /> <br /> Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Wren's Masterpiece''' <br /> <br /> Sir [[Christopher Wren]] started to build his masterpiece - St Paul's Cathedral - in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. <br /> The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this eartquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted. <br /> <br /> The most extradordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupala. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.<br /> <br /> During the construction period Wren headquartered acroos the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark. <br /> He usally inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola. <br /> Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer. <br /> Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral. <br /> <br /> James II called the cathedral:&quot;amusing, awful, and artificial&quot;, which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Trivia'''<br /> <br /> In 1925 a tore could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Tombs in St Paul's''' <br /> <br /> * Admiral David Beatty, 1. Earl Beatty (crypt)<br /> * Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)<br /> * Charles George Gordon<br /> * William Holman Hunt (crypt)<br /> * Admiral John Jellicoe, 1. Earl Jellicoe (crypt)<br /> * John of Gaunt, Vater König Heinrichs IV. (old cathedral)<br /> * Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)<br /> * Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)<br /> * Sir Philip Sidney (crypt)<br /> * Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)<br /> * Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)<br /> * John Weldon (old cathedral)<br /> * Arthur Wellesley, 1. Herzog von Wellington (crypt)<br /> * Feldmarschall Garnet Wolseley, 1. Viscount Wolseley (crypt)<br /> * Sir Christopher Wren (crypt)<br /> <br /> Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> Sources: <br /> <br /> Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&amp;Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).<br /> <br /> St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History<br /> <br /> St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm</div>

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