https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Eleanor+rigby 2026-05-11T15:41:48Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=The_Beatles&diff=7824 2012-04-26T16:17:30Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div> <br /> Legendary Liverpool band that caused worldwide Beatlemania and had a profound cultural impact far beyond the music industry and youth subculture.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Early Days'''<br /> <br /> The Beatles were essentially conceived at approximately 6:48 P.M. on 6 July 1957 at the Woolton Village fête at St Peter's church in the Liverpool district of Woolton, when John Lennon was first introduced to Paul McCartney by a mutual friend (O'Donnell 107). Lennon, then 16 years old and the leader of a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, was impressed by 15-year-old McCartney's musical skills and repertoire of song lyrics. Lennon, shortly thereafter, asked McCartney to join the Quarrymen and their song-writing partnership commenced. Not much later, McCartney, in turn, brought his school friend and guitarist George Harrison into the band. With a stable core of Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison the band evolved through a number of line-ups and names until they finally became the Beatles in 1960.<br /> <br /> The same year, the group went on their first tour of Scotland organized by impresario Larry Parnes, accompanying his newest star Johnny Gentle. Gigs at several Liverpool clubs followed, among them the Cavern Club on Mathew Street, at this time still mainly a jazz club. In late 1960 the Beatles were offered an engagement in Hamburg by small-time Liverpool club owner Allan Williams who had business contacts with German club owner Bruno Koschmieder. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison went to Hamburg accompanied by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, who had joined the group by virtue of owning a bass and drum set respectively. On the Reeperbahn, the Beatles played in Koschmieder's Indra club and Kaiserkeller, took to drugs for the first time, and made friends with young German artists.<br /> <br /> Back from Hamburg as more experienced performers, the Beatles made an impression in Merseyside ballrooms, gathered a following and became the prime attraction at the Cavern. <br /> On return visits to Hamburg, playing at the Top Ten and Star Club, they recorded “My Bonnie” as a backing band for lead singer Tony Sheridan. This furthered their career significantly in so far as record store manager Brian Epstein was initially made aware of the Beatles by a young client's inquiry after said record at his Liverpool record store. Epstein took on the role of manager for the Beatles, without any experience but with much enthusiasm. As Sutcliffe had left the band to stay in Hamburg, the Beatles now consisted of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Pete Best.<br /> <br /> '''Beatlemania'''<br /> <br /> Eventually Epstein succeeded in getting a chance for the Beatles to audition for Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary. Under the authority of producer George Martin, the group passed their audition at Abbey Road studios in London in January 1962. Parlophone signed the Beatles on the condition that they exchange their drummer, as Martin had not liked Best's performance. Following Best's dismissal, long-time Liverpool drummer Richard Starkey, better known as Ringo Starr, joined the Beatles and completed the quartet that would soon become iconic. Later in the year, the band recorded their first single, “Love Me Do,” which peaked at number 17 in the UK charts. At the beginning of 1963, they released their first UK number one record, “Please, Please Me,” which was, like its predecessor, a Lennon-McCartney composition. Early 1963 also saw the beginning of Beatlemania in Britain as the Beatles continued recording and touring the UK, Ireland and a number of other European countries. Wherever the Beatles went, teenagers “became emotionally, mentally, or sexually excited. They foamed at the mouth, burst into tears, hurled themselves like lemmings in the direction of the Beatles, or simply fainted” (Davies, 225).<br /> <br /> In early 1964, “I Want to Hold Your Hand” became the Beatles' first number one hit in in the USA. Shortly afterward, the Beatles arrived in New York for their first American tour. They arrived to find that Beatlemania had preceded them. Their performance on the ''Ed Sullivan Show'' became a historic moment in American cultural memory as millions of Americans followed it on TV. Beatles jackets, boots, wigs, and much more were produced en masse while Beatlemania reached a new dimension.<br /> <br /> The Beatles continued touring and playing to huge crowds all over the world. When not touring, they made records which would inevitably top the charts. In 1964, the band also filmed ''A Hard Day's Night'', a mockumentary on themselves and the phenomenon of Beatlemania. The movie was followed, in 1965, by the more bizarre ''Help''. The same year saw the band innovating recording techniques in the studio while working on their album ''Rubber Soul''. This exploration of possibilities continued in 1966 with the recording of ''Revolver''. As their interest in recording grew, their compositions became more sophisticated, and the pressures of Beatlemania increasingly unbearable, the Beatles decided to stop touring. Their last concert took place in 1966 in San Francisco's Candlestick Park.<br /> <br /> ''' Psychedelia'''<br /> <br /> After the end of touring the Beatles had time on their hands to work on studio albums. In 1967 they released Sgt. ''Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'', possibly the most famous album in the history of popular music. The concept album, based on the idea of Sgt. Pepper's fictitious band, united groundbreaking recording techniques and highly imaginative content. The iconic album cover showed the Beatles in psychedelic costumes, sideburned and moustachioed, along with a collage of faces chosen by the band for various reasons.<br /> <br /> The group also initiated a new trend by filming surreal and artistic video clips to promote some of their compositions in a way that did not involve touring. Particularly noteworthy are the videos showcasing “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane.” In the summer of 1967 the Beatles also performed their newest composition, “All You Need Is Love,” live on BBC television as part of a worldwide live TV event. The same year the death of Brian Epstein, due to an accidental drug overdose, left the band directionless and unsure of their professional future. The first project they embarked on without Epstein's involvement, the bizarre musical film ''Magical Mystery Tour'', was not received well.<br /> <br /> In 1968 the Beatles pursued their interest in Indian mysticism which Harrison had initiated. In the northern Indian town of Rishikesh they spent time learning transcendental meditation from the then popular guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. After their return to England, they recorded the ''White Album'', officially simply called ''The Beatles''. The album was the first to be released on the Beatles' own record label ''Apple'', which they had founded in January 1968.<br /> <br /> '''Breakup''' <br /> <br /> Later the same year the Beatles started work on a project originally titled ''Get Back'', but eventually released as ''Let It Be''. The project involved the band being filmed while working on the album and the resulting film is a testament to mounting tensions within the group, aggravated by the presence of Lennon's new girlfriend, the Japanese conceptual artist Yoko Ono. The project was brought to an end with a memorable concert performance on the rooftop of the Apple building in Baker Street. In the summer of 1969 the group recorded their final album, ''Abbey Road''. However, ''Let It Be'' was the last album to be released, in 1970, when the Beatles had already effectively disbanded.<br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Charles, Paul. ''The Beatles''. Harpenden, Herts: Pocket Essentials, 2003.<br /> <br /> Davies, Hunter. ''The Beatles''. First publ. 1968, William Heinemann Ltd. London: Cassell Illustrated, 2002.<br /> <br /> O'Donnell, Jim. ''The Day John Met Paul. An Hour by Hour Account of How the Beatles Began''. New Ed. London: Routledge, 2006.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=The_Beatles&diff=7823 2012-04-26T16:09:07Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div> <br /> Legendary Liverpool band that caused worldwide Beatlemania and had a profound cultural impact far beyond the music industry and youth subculture.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Early Days'''<br /> <br /> The Beatles were essentially conceived at approximately 6:48 P.M. on 6 July 1957 at the Woolton Village fête at St Peter's church in the Liverpool district of Woolton, when John Lennon was first introduced to Paul McCartney by a mutual friend (O'Donnell 107). Lennon, then 16 years old and the leader of a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, was impressed by 15-year-old McCartney's musical skills and repertoire of song lyrics. Lennon, shortly thereafter, asked McCartney to join the Quarrymen and their song-writing partnership commenced. Not much later, McCartney, in turn, brought his school friend and guitarist George Harrison into the band. With a stable core of Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison the band evolved through a number of line-ups and names until they finally became the Beatles in 1960.<br /> <br /> The same year, the group went on their first tour of Scotland organized by impresario Larry Parnes, accompanying his newest star Johnny Gentle. Gigs at several Liverpool clubs followed, among them the Cavern Club on Mathew Street, at this time still mainly a jazz club. In late 1960 the Beatles were offered an engagement in Hamburg by small-time Liverpool club owner Allan Williams who had business contacts with German club owner Bruno Koschmieder. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison went to Hamburg accompanied by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, who had joined the group by virtue of owning a bass and drum set respectively. On the Reeperbahn, the Beatles played in Koschmieder's Indra club and Kaiserkeller, took to drugs for the first time, and made friends with young German artists.<br /> <br /> Back from Hamburg as more experienced performers, the Beatles made an impression in Merseyside ballrooms, gathered a following and became the prime attraction at the Cavern. <br /> On return visits to Hamburg, playing at the Top Ten and Star Club, they recorded “My Bonnie” as a backing band for lead singer Tony Sheridan. This furthered their career significantly in so far as record store manager Brian Epstein was initially made aware of the Beatles by a young client's inquiry after said record at his Liverpool record store. Epstein took on the role of manager for the Beatles, without any experience but with much enthusiasm. As Sutcliffe had left the band to stay in Hamburg, the Beatles now consisted of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Pete Best.<br /> <br /> '''Beatlemania'''<br /> <br /> Eventually Epstein succeeded in getting a chance for the Beatles to audition for Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary. Under the authority of producer George Martin, the group passed their audition at Abbey Road studios in London in January 1962. Parlophone signed the Beatles on the condition that they exchange their drummer, as Martin had not liked Best's performance. Following Best's dismissal, long-time Liverpool drummer Richard Starkey, better known as Ringo Starr, joined the Beatles and completed the quartet that would soon become iconic. Later in the year, the band recorded their first single, “Love Me Do,” which peaked at number 17 in the UK charts. At the beginning of 1963, they released their first UK number one record, “Please, Please Me,” which was, like its predecessor, a Lennon-McCartney composition. Early 1963 also saw the beginning of Beatlemania in Britain as the Beatles continued recording and touring the UK, Ireland and a number of other European countries. Wherever the Beatles went, teenagers “became emotionally, mentally, or sexually excited. They foamed at the mouth, burst into tears, hurled themselves like lemmings in the direction of the Beatles, or simply fainted” (Davies, 225).<br /> <br /> In early 1964, “I Want to Hold Your Hand” became the Beatles' first number one hit in in the USA. Shortly afterward, the Beatles arrived in New York for their first American tour. They arrived to find that Beatlemania had preceded them. Their performance on the ''Ed Sullivan Show'' became a historic moment in American cultural memory as millions of Americans followed it on TV. Beatles jackets, boots, wigs, and much more were produced en masse while Beatlemania reached a new dimension.<br /> <br /> The Beatles continued touring and playing to huge crowds all over the world. When not touring, they made records which would inevitably top the charts. In 1964, the band also filmed ''A Hard Day's Night'', a mockumentary on themselves and the phenomenon of Beatlemania. The movie was followed, in 1965, by the more bizarre ''Help''. The same year saw the band innovating recording techniques in the studio while working on their album ''Rubber Soul''. This exploration of possibilities continued in 1966 with the recording of ''Revolver''. As their interest in recording grew, their compositions became more sophisticated, and the pressures of Beatlemania increasingly unbearable, the Beatles decided to stop touring. Their last concert took place in 1966 in San Francisco's Candlestick Park.<br /> <br /> ''' Psychedelia'''<br /> <br /> After the end of touring the Beatles had time on their hands to work on studio albums. In 1967 they released “Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band,” possibly the most famous album in the history of popular music. The concept album, based on the idea of Sgt. Pepper's fictitious band, united groundbreaking recording techniques and highly imaginative content. The iconic album cover showed the Beatles in psychedelic costumes, sideburned and moustachioed, along with a collage of faces chosen by the band for various reasons.<br /> <br /> The group also initiated a new trend by filming surreal and artistic video clips to promote some of their compositions in a way that did not involve touring. Particularly noteworthy are the videos showcasing “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane.” In the summer of 1967 the Beatles also performed their newest composition, “All You Need Is Love,” live on BBC television as part of a worldwide live TV event. The same year the death of Brian Epstein, due to an accidental drug overdose, left the band directionless and unsure of their professional future. The first project they embarked on without Epstein's involvement, the bizarre musical film “Magical Mystery Tour,” was not received well.<br /> <br /> In 1968 the Beatles pursued their interest in Indian mysticism which Harrison had initiated. In the northern Indian town of Rishikesh they spent time learning transcendental meditation from the then popular guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. After their return to England, they recorded the “White Album,” officially simply called “The Beatles.” The album was the first to be released on the Beatles' own record label “Apple,” which they had founded in January <br /> 1968.<br /> <br /> '''Breakup''' <br /> <br /> Later the same year the Beatles started work on a project originally titled “Get Back,” but eventually released as “Let It Be.” The project involved the band being filmed while working on the album and the resulting film is a testament to mounting tensions within the group, aggravated by the presence of Lennon's new girlfriend, the Japanese conceptual artist Yoko Ono. The project was brought to an end with a memorable concert performance on the rooftop of the Apple building in Baker Street. In the summer of 1969 the group recorded their final album, “Abbey Road.” However, “Let It Be” was the last album to be released, in 1970, when the Beatles had already effectively disbanded.<br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Charles, Paul. ''The Beatles''. Harpenden, Herts: Pocket Essentials, 2003.<br /> <br /> Davies, Hunter. ''The Beatles''. First publ. 1968, William Heinemann Ltd. London: Cassell Illustrated, 2002.<br /> <br /> O'Donnell, Jim. ''The Day John Met Paul. An Hour by Hour Account of How the Beatles Began''. New Ed. London: Routledge, 2006.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=The_Beatles&diff=7822 2012-04-26T15:29:10Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div> <br /> Legendary Liverpool band that caused worldwide Beatlemania and had a profound cultural impact far beyond the music industry and youth subculture.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Early Days'''<br /> <br /> The Beatles were essentially conceived at approximately 6:48 P.M. on 6 July 1957 at the Woolton Village fête at St Peter's church in the Liverpool district of Woolton, when John Lennon was first introduced to Paul McCartney by a mutual friend (O'Donnel 107). Lennon, then 16 years old and the leader of a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, was impressed by 15-year-old McCartney's musical skills and repertoire of song lyrics. Lennon, shortly thereafter, asked McCartney to join the Quarrymen and their song-writing partnership commenced. Not much later, McCartney, in turn, brought his school friend and guitarist George Harrison into the band. With a stable core of Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison the band evolved through a number of line-ups and names until they finally became the Beatles in 1960.<br /> <br /> The same year, the group went on their first tour of Scotland organized by impresario Larry Parnes, accompanying his newest star Johnny Gentle. Gigs at several Liverpool clubs followed, among them the Cavern Club on Mathew Street, at this time still mainly a jazz club. In late 1960 the Beatles were offered an engagement in Hamburg by small-time Liverpool club owner Allan Williams who had business contacts with German club owner Bruno Koschmieder. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison went to Hamburg accompanied by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, who had joined the group by virtue of owning a bass and drum set respectively. On the Reeperbahn, the Beatles played in Koschmieder's Indra club and Kaiserkeller, took to drugs for the first time, and made friends with young German artists.<br /> <br /> Back from Hamburg as more experienced performers, the Beatles made an impression in Merseyside ballrooms, gathered a following and became the prime attraction at the Cavern. <br /> On return visits to Hamburg, playing at the Top Ten and Star Club, they recorded “My Bonnie” as a backing band for lead singer Tony Sheridan. This furthered their career significantly in so far as record store manager Brian Epstein was initially made aware of the Beatles by a young client's inquiry after said record at his Liverpool record store. Epstein took on the role of manager for the Beatles, without any experience but with much enthusiasm. As Sutcliffe had left the band to stay in Hamburg, the Beatles now consisted of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Pete Best.<br /> <br /> '''Beatlemania'''<br /> <br /> Eventually Epstein succeeded in getting a chance for the Beatles to audition for Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary. Under the authority of producer George Martin, the group passed their audition at Abbey Road studios in London, in January 1962. Parlophone signed the Beatles on the condition that they exchange their drummer, as Martin had not liked Best's performance. Following Best's dismissal, long-time Liverpool drummer Richard Starkey, better known as Ringo Starr, joined the Beatles and completed the quartet that would soon become iconic. Later in the year, the band recorded their first single, “Love Me Do,” which peaked at number 17 in the UK charts. At the beginning of 1963, they released their first UK number one record, “Please, Please Me,” which was, like its predecessor, a Lennon-McCartney composition. Early 1963 also saw the beginning of Beatlemania in Britain as the Beatles continued recording and touring the UK, Ireland and a number of other European countries. Wherever the Beatles went, teenagers “became emotionally, mentally, or sexually excited. They foamed at the mouth, burst into tears, hurled themselves like lemmings in the direction of the Beatles, or simply fainted” (Davies, 225).<br /> <br /> In early 1964, “I Want to Hold Your Hand” became the Beatles' first number one hit in in the USA. Shortly afterward, the Beatles arrived in New York for their first American tour. They arrived to find that Beatlemania had preceded them. Their performance on the ''Ed Sullivan Show'' became a historic moment in American cultural memory as millions of Americans followed it on TV. Beatles jackets, boots, wigs, and much more were produced en masse while Beatlemania reached a new dimension.<br /> <br /> The Beatles continued touring and playing to huge crowds all over the world. When not touring, they made records which would inevitably top the charts. In 1964, the band also filmed ''A Hard Day's Night'', a mockumentary on themselves and the phenomenon of Beatlemania. The movie was followed, in 1965, by the more bizarre ''Help''. The same year saw the band innovating recording techniques in the studio while working on their album ''Rubber Soul''. This exploration of possibilities continued in 1966 with the recording of ''Revolver''. As their interest in recording grew, their compositions became more sophisticated, and the pressures of Beatlemania increasingly unbearable, the Beatles decided to stop touring. Their last concert took place in 1966 in San Francisco's Candlestick Park.<br /> <br /> ''' Psychedelia'''<br /> <br /> After the end of touring the Beatles had time on their hands to work on studio albums. In 1967 they released “Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band,” possibly the most famous album of popular music ever released. The concept album, based on the idea of Sgt. Pepper's fictitious band, united groundbreaking recording techniques and highly imaginative content. The iconic album cover showed the Beatles in psychedelic costumes, sideburned and moustachioed, along with a collage of faces chosen by the band for various reasons.<br /> <br /> The group also initiated a new trend by filming surreal and artistic video clips to promote some of their compositions in a way that did not involve touring. Particularly noteworthy are the videos showcasing “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane.” In the summer of 1967 the Beatles also performed their newest composition, “All You Need Is Love,” live on BBC television as part of a worldwide live TV event. The same year the death of Brian Epstein of an accidental drug overdose left the band directionless and unsure of their professional future. Their first project they embarked on without Epstein's involvement, the bizarre musical film “Magical Mystery Tour,” was not received well.<br /> <br /> In 1968 the Beatles pursued their interest in Indian mysticism which Harrison had initiated. In the northern Indian town of Rishikesh they spent time learning transcendental meditation from the then popular guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. After their return to England, they recorded the “White Album,” officially simply called “The Beatles.” The album was the first to be released on the Beatles' own record label “Apple,” which they had founded in January 1968.<br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Charles, Paul. The Beatles. Harpenden, Herts: Pocket Essentials, 2003.<br /> <br /> Davies, Hunter. The Beatles. First publ. 1968, William Heinemann Ltd. London: Cassell Illustrated, 2002.<br /> <br /> O'Donnell, Jim. The Day John Met Paul. An Hour by Hour Account of How the Beatles Began. New Ed. London: Routledge, 2006.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=The_Beatles&diff=7821 2012-04-26T15:25:00Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div> <br /> Legendary Liverpool band that caused worldwide Beatlemania and had a profound cultural impact far beyond the music industry and youth subculture.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Early Days'''<br /> <br /> The Beatles were essentially conceived at approximately 4:32 P.M. on 6 July 1957 at the Woolton Village fête at St Peter's church in the Liverpool district of Woolton [source??], when John Lennon was first introduced to Paul McCartney by a mutual friend. Lennon, then 16 years old and the leader of a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, was impressed by 15-year-old McCartney's musical skills and repertoire of song lyrics. Lennon, shortly thereafter, asked McCartney to join the Quarrymen and their song-writing partnership commenced. Not much later, McCartney, in turn, brought his school friend and guitarist George Harrison into the band. With a stable core of Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison the band evolved through a number of line-ups and names until they finally became the Beatles in 1960.<br /> <br /> The same year, the group went on their first tour of Scotland organized by impresario Larry Parnes, accompanying his newest star Johnny Gentle. Gigs at several Liverpool clubs followed, among them the Cavern Club on Mathew Street, at this time still mainly a jazz club. In late 1960 the Beatles were offered an engagement in Hamburg by small-time Liverpool club owner Allan Williams who had business contacts with German club owner Bruno Koschmieder. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison went to Hamburg accompanied by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, who had joined the group by virtue of owning a bass and drum set respectively. On the Reeperbahn, the Beatles played in Koschmieder's Indra club and Kaiserkeller, took to drugs for the first time, and made friends with young German artists.<br /> <br /> Back from Hamburg as more experienced performers, the Beatles made an impression in Merseyside ballrooms, gathered a following and became the prime attraction at the Cavern. <br /> On return visits to Hamburg, playing at the Top Ten and Star Club, they recorded “My Bonnie” as a backing band for lead singer Tony Sheridan. This furthered their career significantly in so far as record store manager Brian Epstein was initially made aware of the Beatles by a young client's inquiry after said record at his Liverpool record store. Epstein took on the role of manager for the Beatles, without any experience but with much enthusiasm. As Sutcliffe had left the band to stay in Hamburg, the Beatles now consisted of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Pete Best.<br /> <br /> '''Beatlemania'''<br /> <br /> Eventually Epstein succeeded in getting a chance for the Beatles to audition for Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary. Under the authority of producer George Martin, the group passed their audition at Abbey Road studios in London, in January 1962. Parlophone signed the Beatles on the condition that they exchange their drummer, as Martin had not liked Best's performance. Following Best's dismissal, long-time Liverpool drummer Richard Starkey, better known as Ringo Starr, joined the Beatles and completed the quartet that would soon become iconic. Later in the year, the band recorded their first single, “Love Me Do,” which peaked at number 17 in the UK charts. At the beginning of 1963, they released their first UK number one record, “Please, Please Me,” which was, like its predecessor, a Lennon-McCartney composition. Early 1963 also saw the beginning of Beatlemania in Britain as the Beatles continued recording and touring the UK, Ireland and a number of other European countries. Wherever the Beatles went, teenagers “became emotionally, mentally, or sexually excited. They foamed at the mouth, burst into tears, hurled themselves like lemmings in the direction of the Beatles, or simply fainted” (Davies, 225).<br /> <br /> In early 1964, “I Want to Hold Your Hand” became the Beatles' first number one hit in in the USA. Shortly afterward, the Beatles arrived in New York for their first American tour. They arrived to find that Beatlemania had preceded them. Their performance on the ''Ed Sullivan Show'' became a historic moment in American cultural memory as millions of Americans followed it on TV. Beatles jackets, boots, wigs, and much more were produced en masse while Beatlemania reached a new dimension.<br /> <br /> The Beatles continued touring and playing to huge crowds all over the world. When not touring, they made records which would inevitably top the charts. In 1964, the band also filmed ''A Hard Day's Night'', a mockumentary on themselves and the phenomenon of Beatlemania. The movie was followed, in 1965, by the more bizarre ''Help''. The same year saw the band innovating recording techniques in the studio while working on their album ''Rubber Soul''. This exploration of possibilities continued in 1966 with the recording of ''Revolver''. As their interest in recording grew, their compositions became more sophisticated, and the pressures of Beatlemania increasingly unbearable, the Beatles decided to stop touring. Their last concert took place in 1966 in San Francisco's Candlestick Park.<br /> <br /> ''' Psychedelia'''<br /> <br /> After the end of touring the Beatles had time on their hands to work on studio albums. In 1967 they released “Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band,” possibly the most famous album of popular music ever released. The concept album, based on the idea of Sgt. Pepper's fictitious band, united groundbreaking recording techniques and highly imaginative content. The iconic album cover showed the Beatles in psychedelic costumes, sideburned and moustachioed, along with a collage of faces chosen by the band for various reasons.<br /> <br /> The group also initiated a new trend by filming surreal and artistic video clips to promote some of their compositions in a way that did not involve touring. Particularly noteworthy are the videos showcasing “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane.” In the summer of 1967 the Beatles also performed their newest composition, “All You Need Is Love,” live on BBC television as part of a worldwide live TV event. The same year the death of Brian Epstein of an accidental drug overdose left the band directionless and unsure of their professional future. Their first project they embarked on without Epstein's involvement, the bizarre musical film “Magical Mystery Tour,” was not received well.<br /> <br /> In 1968 the Beatles pursued their interest in Indian mysticism which Harrison had initiated. In the northern Indian town of Rishikesh they spent time learning transcendental meditation from the then popular guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. After their return to England, they recorded the “White Album,” officially simply called “The Beatles.” The album was the first to be released on the Beatles' own record label “Apple,” which they had founded in January 1968.<br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Charles, Paul. The Beatles. Harpenden, Herts: Pocket Essentials, 2003.<br /> <br /> Davies, Hunter. The Beatles. First publ. 1968, William Heinemann Ltd. London: Cassell Illustrated, 2002.<br /> <br /> O'Donnell, Jim. The Day John Met Paul. An Hour by Hour Account of How the Beatles Began. New Ed. London: Routledge, 2006.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=The_Beatles&diff=7820 2012-04-26T15:16:11Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div> <br /> Legendary Liverpool band that caused worldwide Beatlemania and had a profound cultural impact far beyond the music industry and youth subculture.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Early Days'''<br /> <br /> The Beatles were essentially conceived at approximately 4:32 P.M. on 6 July 1957 at the Woolton Village fête at St Peter's church in the Liverpool district of Woolton [source??], when John Lennon was first introduced to Paul McCartney by a mutual friend. Lennon, then 16 years old and the leader of a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, was impressed by 15-year-old McCartney's musical skills and repertoire of song lyrics. Lennon, shortly thereafter, asked McCartney to join the Quarrymen and their song-writing partnership commenced. Not much later, McCartney, in turn, brought his school friend and guitarist George Harrison into the band. With a stable core of Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison the band evolved through a number of line-ups and names until they finally became the Beatles in 1960.<br /> <br /> The same year, the group went on their first tour of Scotland organized by impresario Larry Parnes, accompanying his newest star Johnny Gentle. Gigs at several Liverpool clubs followed, among them the Cavern Club on Mathew Street, at this time still mainly a jazz club. In late 1960 the Beatles were offered an engagement in Hamburg by small-time Liverpool club owner Allan Williams who had business contacts with German club owner Bruno Koschmieder. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison went to Hamburg accompanied by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, who had joined the group by virtue of owning a bass and drum set respectively. On the Reeperbahn, the Beatles played in Koschmieder's Indra club and Kaiserkeller, took to drugs for the first time, and made friends with young German artists.<br /> <br /> Back from Hamburg as more experienced performers, the Beatles made an impression in Merseyside ballrooms, gathered a following and became the prime attraction at the Cavern. <br /> On return visits to Hamburg, playing at the Top Ten and Star Club, they recorded “My Bonnie” as a backing band for lead singer Tony Sheridan. This furthered their career significantly in so far as record store manager Brian Epstein was initially made aware of the Beatles by a young client's inquiry after said record at his Liverpool record store. Epstein took on the role of manager for the Beatles, without any experience but with much enthusiasm. As Sutcliffe had left the band to stay in Hamburg, the Beatles now consisted of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Pete Best.<br /> <br /> '''Beatlemania'''<br /> <br /> Eventually Epstein succeeded in getting a chance for the Beatles to audition for Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary. Under the authority of producer George Martin, the group passed their audition at Abbey Road studios in London, in January 1962. Parlophone signed the Beatles on the condition that they exchange their drummer, as Martin had not liked Best's performance. Following Best's dismissal, long-time Liverpool drummer Richard Starkey, better known as Ringo Starr, joined the Beatles and completed the quartet that would soon become iconic. Later in the year, the band recorded their first single, “Love Me Do,” which peaked at number 17 in the UK charts. At the beginning of 1963, they released their first UK number one record, “Please, Please Me,” which was, like its predecessor, a Lennon-McCartney composition. Early 1963 also saw the beginning of Beatlemania in Britain as the Beatles continued recording and touring the UK, Ireland and a number of other European countries. Wherever the Beatles went, teenagers “became emotionally, mentally, or sexually excited. They foamed at the mouth, burst into tears, hurled themselves like lemmings in the direction of the Beatles, or simply fainted” (Davies, 225).<br /> <br /> In early 1964, “I Want to Hold Your Hand” became the Beatles' first number one hit in in the USA. Shortly afterward, the Beatles arrived in New York for their first American tour. They arrived to find that Beatlemania had preceded them. Their performance on the ''Ed Sullivan Show'' became a historic moment in American cultural memory as millions of Americans followed it on TV. Beatles jackets, boots, wigs, and much more were produced en masse while Beatlemania reached a new dimension.<br /> <br /> The Beatles continued touring and playing to huge crowds all over the world. When not touring, they made records which would inevitably top the charts. In 1964, the band also filmed ''A Hard Day's Night'', a mockumentary on themselves and the phenomenon of Beatlemania. The movie was followed, in 1965, by the more bizarre ''Help''. The same year saw the band innovating recording techniques in the studio while working on their album ''Rubber Soul''. This exploration of possibilities continued in 1966 with the recording of ''Revolver''. As their interest in recording grew, their compositions became more sophisticated, and the pressures of Beatlemania increasingly unbearable, the Beatles decided to stop touring. Their last concert took place in 1966 in San Francisco's Candlestick Park.<br /> <br /> <br /> ''' Psychedelia'''<br /> <br /> After the end of touring the Beatles had time on their hands to work on studio albums. In 1967 they released “Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band,” possibly the most famous album of popular music ever released. The concept album, based on the idea of Sgt. Pepper's fictitious band, united groundbreaking recording techniques and highly imaginative content. The iconic album cover showed the Beatles in psychedelic costumes, sideburned and moustachioed, along with a collage of faces chosen by the band for various reasons.<br /> <br /> The group also initiated a new trend by filming surreal and artistic video clips to promote some of their compositions in a way that did not involve touring. Particularly noteworthy are the videos showcasing “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane.” In the summer of 1967 the Beatles also performed their newest composition, “All You Need Is Love,” live on BBC television as part of a worldwide live TV event. The same year the death of Brian Epstein of an accidental drug overdose left the band directionless and unsure of their professional future. Their first project they embarked on without Epstein's involvement, the bizarre musical film “Magical Mystery Tour,” was not received well.<br /> <br /> In 1968 the Beatles pursued their interest in Indian mysticism which Harrison had initiated. In the northern Indian town of Rishikesh they spent time learning transcendental meditation from the then popular guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. After their return to England, they recorded the “White Album,” officially simply called “The Beatles.” The album was the first to be released on the Beatles' own record label “Apple,” which they had founded in January 1968.<br /> <br /> '''Sources'''<br /> <br /> Charles, Paul. The Beatles. Harpenden, Herts: Pocket Essentials, 2003.<br /> Davies, Hunter. The Beatles. First publ. 1968, William Heinemann Ltd. London: Cassell Illustrated, 2002.<br /> O'Donnell, Jim. The Day John Met Paul. An Hour by Hour Account of How the Beatles Began. New Ed. London: Routledge, 2006.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=The_Beatles&diff=7812 2012-04-25T19:05:16Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: iconic Liverpool band</p> <hr /> <div> <br /> Legendary Liverpool band that caused worldwide Beatlemania and had a profound cultural impact far beyond the music industry and youth subculture<br /> <br /> '''Early Days'''<br /> <br /> The Beatles were essentially conceived at approximately 4:32 P.M. on 6 July 1957 at the Woolton Village fête at St. Peter's church in the Liverpool district of Woolton, when John Lennon was first introduced to Paul McCartney by a mutual friend. Lennon, then 16 years old and the leader of a skiffle group called the Quarrymen, was impressed by 15-year-old McCartney's musical skills and repertoire of song lyrics. Lennon, shortly thereafter, asked McCartney to join the Quarrymen and their song writing partnership commenced. Not much later, McCartney, in turn, brought his school friend and guitarist George Harrison into the band. With a stable core of Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison the band evolved through a number of line-ups and names until they finally became the Beatles in 1960.<br /> <br /> The same year, the group went on their first tour of Scotland organized by impresario Larry Parnes, accompanying his newest star Johnny Gentle. Gigs at several Liverpool clubs followed, among them the Cavern Club on Mathew Street, at this time still mainly a jazz club. In late 1960 the Beatles were offered an engagement in Hamburg by small-time Liverpool club owner Allan Williams who had business contacts with German club owner Bruno Koschmieder. Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison went to Hamburg accompanied by Lennon's art school friend Stuart Sutcliffe and Pete Best, who had joined the group by virtue of owning a bass and drum set respectively. On the Reeperbahn, the Beatles played in Koschmieder's Indra club and Kaiserkeller, took to drugs for the first time, and made friends with young German artists.<br /> <br /> Back from Hamburg as more experienced performers, the Beatles made an impression in Merseyside ballrooms, gathered a following and became the prime attraction at the Cavern. <br /> On return visits to Hamburg, playing at the Top Ten and Star Club, the they recorded “My Bonnie” as a backing band for lead singer Tony Sheridan. This furthered their career significantly in so far as record store manager Brian Epstein was initially made aware of the Beatles by a young client's inquiry after said record at his Liverpool record store. Epstein took on the role of manager for the Beatles, without any experience but with much enthusiasm. As Sutcliffe had left the band to stay in Hamburg, the Beatles now consisted of Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, and Pete Best.<br /> <br /> '''Beatlemania'''<br /> <br /> Eventually Epstein succeeded in getting a chance for the Beatles to audition for Parlophone, an EMI subsidiary. Under the authority of producer George Martin, the group passed their audition at Abbey Road studios in London, in January 1962. Parlophone signed the Beatles on the condition that they exchange their drummer, as Martin had not liked Best's performance. Following Best's dismissal, long-time Liverpool drummer Richard Starkey, better known as Ringo Starr, joined the Beatles and completed the quartet that would soon become iconic. Later in the year, the band recorded their first single, “Love Me Do,” which peaked at number 17 in the UK charts. At the beginning of 1963, they released their first UK number one record, “Please, Please Me,” which was, like its predecessor, a Lennon-McCartney composition. Early 1963 also saw the beginning of Beatlemania in Britain as the Beatles continued recording and touring the UK, Ireland and a number of other European countries. Wherever the Beatles went, teenagers “became emotionally, mentally, or sexually excited. They foamed at the mouth, burst into tears, hurled themselves like lemmings in the direction of the Beatles, or simply fainted”(Davies, 225).<br /> <br /> In early 1964, “I Want to Hold your Hand” became the Beatles' first number one hit in in the USA. Shortly afterward, the Beatles arrived in New York for their first American tour. They arrived to find that Beatlemania had preceded them. Their performance on the “Ed Sullivan Show” became a historic moment in America cultural memory as millions of Americans followed it on TV. Beatles jackets, boots, wigs, and much more were produced en masse while Beatlemania reached a new dimension.<br /> <br /> The Beatles continued touring and playing to huge crowds all over the world. When not touring, they made records which would inevitably top the charts. In 1964, the band also filmed “A Hard Day's Night,” a mockumentary on themselves and the phenomenon that was Beatlemania. The movie was followed, in 1965, by the more bizarre “Help.” The same year saw the band innovating recording techniques in the studio while working on their album “Rubber Soul.” This exploration of possibilities continued in 1966 with the recording of “Revolver.” As their interest in recording grew, their compositions became more sophisticated, and the pressures of Beatlemania increasingly unbearable, the Beatles decided to stop touring. Their last concert took place in 1966 in San Francisco's Candlestick Park.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=The_Beatles&diff=7804 2012-04-23T19:02:26Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: Created page with &#039;Legendary Liverpool band that defined a decade. Proper article will follow shortly.&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>Legendary Liverpool band that defined a decade. Proper article will follow shortly.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Wilde_Trials&diff=6708 2011-10-26T10:54:35Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>A series of three trials held at the London [[Old Bailey]] in 1895 in which [[Oscar Wilde]] stood accused of homosexuality. Wilde was found guilty and convicted to a two-year prison sentence and hard labor.<br /> <br /> '''Background''' <br /> <br /> Wilde's eventual conviction was supported by the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act which prohibited sexual relations between men. Prior to the 1885 Amendment, a 1533 statute outlawing “the detestable and abominable vice of buggery” backed the persecution of homosexuals.<br /> While in an earlier age the “sodomist” had been regarded as a perpetrator of specific, sinful acts, a development in late Victorian pathology saw homosexuality as a new form of criminal degeneracy. According to Michel Foucault, the homosexual male, a deviant individual, emerged as “a type of life, a life form.” <br /> At the time of the trials, Wilde's homosexuality was an open secret among his contemporaries. This was one significant reason for his treatment as a very controversial public figure. Yet, as a writer he was at the height of his success.<br /> It was Wilde's affair with [[Lord Alfred Douglas]] that triggered the 1895 court trial. Douglas' father, the Marquess of Queensberry, publically accused Wilde, in distinctly inarticulate terms, of 'posing as a Somdomite'(sic). On hearing this, Wilde allegedly wrote to a friend that “my whole life seems ruined by this man.” Wilde proceeded to sue Queensberry for libel.<br /> <br /> '''The Trials'''<br /> <br /> The first trial, the libel trial against Queesnberry, took place between the 3rd and 5th of April 1895. In this trial Wilde denied any homosexual activities when cross-examined by Queensberry's lawyer but young men called as witnesses were able to cast doubt on Wilde's truthfulness. As a consequence, Queensberry was acquitted, to public celebration. The public was allowed to attend the trial. <br /> In the second trial, conducted from 26 April to 1 May 1895, Wilde was accused of “indecency.” Due to Wilde's own rhetoric skill and his lawyer's efforts to cast doubt on the credibility of witnesses, the jury could not reach a definite decision and a third trial became necessary. Wilde was urged by friends to leave the country in the interval between the 2nd and 3rd trials but he refused to do so.<br /> The third and last trial took place from 20 May to 25 May 1895. Under a new prosecutor, it ended with Wilde's conviction for “gross indecency” by the commission of acts of indecency in private with members of his own sex. He was convicted to 2 years of imprisonment and hard labor in Reading Goal.<br /> In all trials the prosecution's focus lay on Wilde's “suspicious” writings, while specifics of his sexual activities were not so much under scrutiny in spite of the fact that it was for these that he was accused. <br /> <br /> '''Public Response'''<br /> <br /> After Wilde's conviction, a great number of spiteful, self-righteous newspaper editorials were published. ''The Daily Telegraph'' expressed that “the grave of contemptuous oblivion may rest on his [Wilde's] foolish ostentation, his empty paradoxes, his insufferable posturing, his incurable vanity,” and further saw his case as a “terrible warning” for young men in danger of falling victim to the same vices. ''The London Evening News'' felt compelled to state that “England has tolerated the man Wilde and others of his kind too long.” Wilde and “his kind” being a threat to “the wholesome, manly, simple ideals of English life.”<br /> <br /> '''Aftermath'''<br /> <br /> Wilde was released from prison in 1897 as a broken man. He went to France where he called himself Sebastian Melmoth after the doomed title character of [[Charles Maturin]]'s novel “Melmoth the Wanderer.“ <br /> In 1898, he published “The Ballad of Reading Goal.”<br /> In 1905, 5 years after Wilde's death, a letter of deep reproach to Lord Alfred Douglas was published under the title “[[De Profundis]].“ This letter was originally written during his imprisonment.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''sources:'''<br /> <br /> Arata, Stephen. ''Fictions of Loss in the Victorian Fin de Siecle. Identity and Empire''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.<br /> <br /> Hyde, H. Montgomery. ''The Trials of Oscar Wilde''. 1948. New York: Dover Publications, 1973. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Oscar Wilde.” ''The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English.'' Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1994. <br /> <br /> Wilpers, Birgit. ''The Trials of Oscar Wilde''. Seminar paper. GRIN Verlag, 2008. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Wilde_Trials&diff=6707 2011-10-26T10:44:37Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>A series of three trials held at the London [[Old Bailey]] in 1895 in which [[Oscar Wilde]] stood accused of homosexuality. Wilde was found guilty and convicted to a two-year prison sentence and hard labor.<br /> <br /> '''Background''' <br /> <br /> Wilde's eventual conviction was supported by the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act which prohibited sexual relations between men. Prior to the 1885 Amendment, a 1533 statute outlawing “the detestable and abominable vice of buggery” backed the persecution of homosexuals.<br /> While in an earlier age the “sodomist” had been regarded as a perpetrator of specific, sinful acts, a development in late Victorian pathology saw homosexuality as a new form of criminal degeneracy. According to Michel Foucault, the homosexual male, a deviant individual, emerged as “a type of life, a life form.” <br /> At the time of the trials, Wilde's homosexuality was an open secret among his contemporaries. This was one significant reason for his treatment as a very controversial public figure. Yet, as a writer he was at the height of his success.<br /> It was Wilde's affair with [[Lord Alfred Douglas]] that triggered the 1895 court trial. Douglas' father, the Marquess of Queensberry, publically accused Wilde, in distinctly inarticulate terms, of 'posing as a Somdomite'(sic). On hearing this, Wilde allegedly wrote to a friend that “my whole life seems ruined by this man.” Wilde proceeded to sue Queensberry for libel.<br /> <br /> '''The Trials'''<br /> <br /> The first trial, the libel trial against Queesnberry, took place between the 3rd and 5th of April 1895. In this trial Wilde denied any homosexual activities when cross-examined by Queensberry's lawyer but young men called as witnesses were able to cast doubt on Wilde's truthfulness. As a consequence, Queensberry was acquitted, to public celebration. The public was allowed to attend the trial. <br /> In the second trial, conducted from 26 April to 1 May 1895, Wilde was accused of “indecency.” Due to Wilde's own rhetoric skill and his lawyer's efforts to the cast doubt on the credibility of witnesses, the jury could not reach a definite decision and a third trial became necessary. Wilde was urged by friends to leave the country in the interval between the 2nd and 3rd trials but he refused to do so.<br /> The third and last trial took place from 20 May to 25 May 1895. Under a new prosecutor, it ended with Wilde's conviction for “gross indecency” by the commission of acts of indecency in private with members of his own sex. He was convicted to 2 years of imprisonment and hard labor in Reading Goal.<br /> In all trials the prosecution's focus lay on Wilde's “suspicious” writings, while specifics of his sexual activities were not so much under scrutiny in spite of the fact that it was for these that he was accused. <br /> <br /> '''Public Response'''<br /> <br /> After Wilde's conviction, a great number of spiteful, self-righteous newspaper editorials were published. The Daily Telegraph expressed that “the grave of contemptuous oblivion may rest on his [Wilde's] foolish ostentation, his empty paradoxes, his insufferable posturing, his incurably vanity,” and further saw his case as a “terrible warning” for young men in danger of falling victim to the same vices. The London Evening News felt compelled to state that “England has tolerated the man Wilde and others of his kind too long.” Wilde and “his kind” being a threat to “the wholesome, manly, simple ideals of English life.”<br /> <br /> '''Aftermath'''<br /> <br /> Wilde was released from prison in 1897 as a broken man. He went to France where he called himself Sebastian Melmoth after the doomed title character of [[Charles Maturin]]'s novel “Melmoth the Wanderer.“ <br /> In 1898, he published “The Ballad of Reading Goal.”<br /> In 1905, 5 years after Wilde's death, a letter of deep reproach to Lord Alfred Douglas was published under the title “[[De Profundis]].“ This letter was originally written during his imprisonment.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''sources:'''<br /> <br /> Arata, Stephen. Fictions of Loss in the Victorian Fin de Siecle. Identity and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.<br /> <br /> Hyde, H. Montgomery. The Trials of Oscar Wilde. 1948. New York: Dover Publications, 1973. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Oscar Wilde.” The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1994. <br /> <br /> Wilpers, Birgit. The Trials of Oscar Wilde. Seminar paper. GRIN Verlag, 2008. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Wilde_Trials&diff=6706 2011-10-26T10:41:59Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>A series of three trials held at the London [[Old Bailey]] in 1895 in which [[Oscar Wilde]] stood accused of homosexuality. Wilde was found guilty and convicted to a two-year prison sentence and hard labor.<br /> <br /> '''<br /> Background'''<br /> <br /> Wilde's eventual conviction was supported by the 1885 Criminal Law Amendment Act which prohibited sexual relations between men. Prior to the 1885 Amendment, a 1533 statute outlawing “the detestable and abominable vice of buggery” backed the persecution of homosexuals.<br /> While in an earlier age the “sodomist” had been regarded as a perpetrator of specific, sinful acts, a development in late Victorian pathology saw homosexuality as a new form of criminal degeneracy. According to Michel Foucault, the homosexual male, a deviant individual, emerged as “a type of life, a life form.” <br /> At the time of the trials, Wilde's homosexuality was an open secret among his contemporaries. This was one significant reason for his treatment as a very controversial public figure. Yet, as a writer he was at the height of his success.<br /> It was Wilde's affair with Lord Alfred Douglas that triggered the 1895 court trial. Douglas' father, the Marquess of Queensberry, publically accused Wilde, in distinctly inarticulate terms, of 'posing as a Somdomite'(sic). On hearing this, Wilde allegedly wrote to a friend that “my whole life seems ruined by this man.” Wilde proceeded to sue Queensberry for libel.<br /> <br /> '''<br /> The Trials'''<br /> <br /> The first trial, the libel trial against Queesnberry, took place between the 3rd and 5th of April 1895. In this trial Wilde denied any homosexual activities when cross-examined by Queensberry's lawyer but young men called as witnesses were able to cast doubt on Wilde's truthfulness. As a consequence, Queensberry was acquitted, to public celebration. The public was allowed to attend the trial. <br /> In the second trial, conducted from 26 April to 1 May 1895, Wilde was accused of “indecency.” Due to Wilde's own rhetoric skill and his lawyer's efforts to the cast doubt on the credibility of witnesses, the jury could not reach a definite decision and a third trial became necessary. Wilde was urged by friends to leave the country in the interval between the 2nd and 3rd trials but he refused to do so.<br /> The third and last trial took place from 20 May to 25 May 1895. Under a new prosecutor, it ended with Wilde's conviction for “gross indecency” by the commission of acts of indecency in private with members of his own sex. He was convicted to 2 years of imprisonment and hard labor in Reading Goal.<br /> In all trials the prosecution's focus lay on Wilde's “suspicious” writings, while specifics of his sexual activities were not so much under scrutiny in spite of the fact that it was for these that he was accused. <br /> <br /> ''' <br /> Public Response'''<br /> <br /> After Wilde's conviction, a great number of spiteful, self-righteous newspaper editorials were published. The Daily Telegraph expressed that “the grave of contemptuous oblivion may rest on his [Wilde's] foolish ostentation, his empty paradoxes, his insufferable posturing, his incurably vanity,” and further saw his case as a “terrible warning” for young men in danger of falling victim to the same vices. The London Evening News felt compelled to state that “England has tolerated the man Wilde and others of his kind too long.” Wilde and “his kind” being a threat to “the wholesome, manly, simple ideals of English life.”<br /> <br /> '''Aftermath'''<br /> <br /> Wilde was released from prison in 1897 as a broken man. He went to France where he called himself Sebastian Melmoth after the doomed title character of Charles Maturin's novel “Melmoth the Wanderer.“ <br /> In 1898, he published “The Ballad of Reading Goal.”<br /> In 1905, 5 years after Wilde's death, a letter of deep reproach to Lord Alfred Douglas was published under the title “De Profundis.“ This letter was originally written during his imprisonment.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''sources:'''<br /> <br /> Arata, Stephen. Fictions of Loss in the Victorian Fin de Siecle. Identity and Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.<br /> <br /> Hyde, H. Montgomery. The Trials of Oscar Wilde. 1948. New York: Dover Publications, 1973. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Oscar Wilde.” The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1994. <br /> <br /> Wilpers, Birgit. The Trials of Oscar Wilde. Seminar paper. GRIN Verlag, 2008. Google Books. Web. 25 October 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Wilde_Trials&diff=6701 2011-10-26T08:20:59Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: Created page with &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Wilde Trials&#039;&#039;&#039; A series of three trials held at the London Old Baily in 1895 in which Oscar Wilde stood accused of homosexuality. Wilde was found guilty and convicte…&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Wilde Trials'''<br /> <br /> A series of three trials held at the London [[Old Baily]] in 1895 in which [[Oscar Wilde]] stood accused of homosexuality. Wilde was found guilty and convicted to a two-year prison sentence and hard labor.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Travesties&diff=6676 2011-10-22T09:17:18Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>Play by [[Tom Stoppard]] first performed in 1974. <br /> <br /> An adaption of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', which features a cast of influential exponents of modernist art, literature and culture (e.g., [[James Joyce]], [[Tristan Tzara]] and [[Lenin]]) as its protagonists. <br /> <br /> As is characteristic of Stoppard's work, the play examines artistic conventions and cultural assumptions in a highly intelligent and humorous fashion. It demands significant frameworks of knowledge to follow its various cultural and political references.<br /> <br /> Set in Zurich during WWI, the play brings together Romanian poet Tristan Tzara, inventor of the name “Dada,” James Joyce, representing the serious nature of art for art's sake, and Vladimir Lenin who is just preparing to play his part in the 1917 Russian revolution. The action takes place in the memory of its largely fictional protagonist Henry Carr, a consular official and average English male holding conventional, middle class views of politics and art. As the play progresses Carr is revealed to be a highly untrustworthy source of information. <br /> <br /> The historical characters, with the exception of Lenin, are designed more to be travesties of their real counterparts than to give actual biographical portraits. <br /> <br /> The real James Joyce lived in Zurich between 1915 to 1919 where he was working on “[[Ulysses]].” There, he staged a production of Oscar Wilde's play “The Importance of being Earnest” and it is the plot of Wilde's play that Stoppard uses as a structural basis for “Travesties” - with Tzara mirroring “Earnest's” Jack, Carr representing the character of Algernon and Joyce that of Lady Augusta Bracknell, among others.<br /> <br /> The portrayal of Lenin, however, is very much kept apart from the main plot and the treatment of the other characters. His presence in the play at times undermines the general lightheartedness and threatens the loss of both frameworks of the the action - Carr's memory and Wilde's play. As a prototype of a fanatical leader, Lenin is a disruptive menace in the play and his utterances are not fictionalized.<br /> <br /> While the play opens up debates about art, communism, patriotism, war, history and memory, it offers no resolution to any of them and, instead, “remains a play in which 'Tom Stoppard Doesn't Know.' More than that, it seems to offer a comic caution against those who claim too fervently that they do”(Hunter 134).<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''<br /> Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Hunter, Jim. ''Tom Stoppard''. Faber Critical Guides. London: Faber and Faber, 2000.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Tom Stoppard.”'' The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English''. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1994.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Travesties&diff=6675 2011-10-22T09:11:19Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>Play by [[Tom Stoppard]] first performed in 1974. <br /> <br /> An adaption of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', which features a cast of influential exponents of modernist art, literature and culture (e.g., [[James Joyce]], [[Tristan Tzara]] and [[Lenin]]) as its protagonists. <br /> <br /> As is characteristic of Stoppard's work, the play examines artistic conventions and cultural assumptions in a highly intelligent and humorous fashion. It demands a significant frameworks of knowledge to follow its various cultural and political references.<br /> <br /> Set in Zurich during WWI, the play brings together Romanian poet Tristan Tzara, inventor of the name “Dada,” James Joyce, representing the serious nature of art for art's sake, and Vladimir Lenin who is just preparing to play his part in the 1917 Russian revolution. The action takes place in the memory of its largely fictional protagonist Henry Carr, a consular official and an average English male holding conventional, middle class views of politics and art. As the play progresses Carr is revealed to be a highly untrustworthy source of information. <br /> <br /> The historical characters, with the exception of Lenin, are designed more to be travesties of their real counterparts than to give actual biographical portraits. <br /> <br /> The real James Joyce lived in Zurich between 1915 to 1919 where he was working on “Ulysses.” There, he staged a production of Oscar Wilde's play “The Importance of being Earnest” and it is the plot of Wilde's play that Stoppard uses as a structural basis for “Travesties” - with Tzara mirroring “Earnest's” Jack, Carr representing the character of Algernon and Joyce that of Lady Augusta Bracknell, among others.<br /> <br /> The portrayal of Lenin, howerver, is very much kept apart from the main plot and the treatment of the other characters. His presence in the play at times undermines the general lightheartedness and threatens the loss of both frameworks of the the action - Carr's memory and Wilde's play. As a prototype of a fanatical leader, Lenin is a disruptive menace in the play and his utterances are not fictionalized.<br /> <br /> While the play opens up debates about art, communism, patriotism, war, history and memory, it offers no resolution to any of them and, instead, “remains a play in which 'Tom Stoppard Doesn't Know.' More than that, it seems to offer a comic caution against those who claim too fervently that they do”(Hunter 134).<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''<br /> Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Hunter, Jim. ''Tom Stoppard''. Faber Critical Guides. London: Faber and Faber, 2000.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Tom Stoppard.”'' The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English''. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1994.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Travesties&diff=6674 2011-10-22T09:10:04Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>Play by [[Tom Stoppard]] first performed in 1974. <br /> <br /> An adaption of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', which features a cast of influential exponents of modernist art, literature and culture (e.g., [[James Joyce]], [[Tristan Tzara]] and [[Lenin]]) as its protagonists.<br /> As is characteristic of Stoppard's work, the play examines artistic conventions and cultural assumptions in a highly intelligent and humorous fashion. It demands a significant frameworks of knowledge to follow its various cultural and political references.<br /> Set in Zurich during WWI, the play brings together Romanian poet Tristan Tzara, inventor of the name “Dada,” James Joyce, representing the serious nature of art for art's sake, and Vladimir Lenin who is just preparing to play his part in the 1917 Russian revolution. The action takes place in the memory of its largely fictional protagonist Henry Carr, a consular official and an average English male holding conventional, middle class views of politics and art. As the play progresses Carr is revealed to be a highly untrustworthy source of information. <br /> The historical characters, with the exception of Lenin, are designed more to be travesties of their real counterparts than to give actual biographical portraits. <br /> The real James Joyce lived in Zurich between 1915 to 1919 where he was working on “Ulysses.” There, he staged a production of Oscar Wilde's play “The Importance of being Earnest” and it is the plot of Wilde's play that Stoppard uses as a structural basis for “Travesties” - with Tzara mirroring “Earnest's” Jack, Carr representing the character of Algernon and Joyce that of Lady Augusta Bracknell, among others.<br /> The portrayal of Lenin, howerver, is very much kept apart from the main plot and the treatment of the other characters. His presence in the play at times undermines the general lightheartedness and threatens the loss of both frameworks of the the action - Carr's memory and Wilde's play. As a prototype of a fanatical leader, Lenin is a disruptive menace in the play and his utterances are not fictionalized.<br /> While the play opens up debates about art, communism, patriotism, war, history and memory, it offers no resolution to any of them and, instead, “remains a play in which 'Tom Stoppard Doesn't Know.' More than that, it seems to offer a comic caution against those who claim too fervently that they do”(Hunter 134).<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''<br /> Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Hunter, Jim. ''Tom Stoppard''. Faber Critical Guides. London: Faber and Faber, 2000.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Tom Stoppard.”'' The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English''. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1994.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Travesties&diff=6673 2011-10-22T09:05:19Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>Play by [[Tom Stoppard]] first performed in 1974. <br /> <br /> An adaption of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', which features a cast of influential exponents of modernist art, literature and culture (e.g., [[James Joyce]], [[Tristan Tzara]] and [[Lenin]]) as its protagonists.<br /> As is characteristic of his work, the play examines artistic conventions and cultural assumptions in a highly intelligent and humorous fashion. It demands a significant frameworks of knowledge to follow its various cultural and political references.<br /> Set in Zurich during WWI, the play brings together Romanian poet Tristan Tzara, inventor of the name “Dada,” James Joyce, representing the serious nature of art for art's sake, and Vladimir Lenin who is just preparing to play his part in the 1917 Russian revolution. The action takes place in the memory of its largely fictional protagonist Henry Carr, a consular official and an average English male holding conventional, middle class views of politics and art. As the play progresses Carr is revealed to be a highly untrustworthy source of information. <br /> The historical characters, with the exception of Lenin, are designed more to be travesties of their real counterparts than to give actual biographical portraits. <br /> The real James Joyce lived in Zurich between 1915 to 1919 where he was working on “Ulysses.” There, he staged a production of Oscar Wilde's play “The Importance of being Earnest” and it is the plot of Wilde's play that Stoppard uses as a structural basis for “Travesties” - with Tzara mirroring “Earnest's” Jack, Carr representing the character of Algernon and Joyce that of Lady Augusta Bracknell, among others.<br /> The portrayal of Lenin, howerver, is very much kept apart from the main plot and the treatment of the other characters. His presence in the play at times undermines the general lightheartedness and threatens the loss of both frameworks of the the action - Carr's memory and Wilde's play. As a prototype of a fanatical leader, Lenin is a disruptive menace in the play and his utterances are not fictionalized.<br /> While the play opens up debates about art, communism, patriotism, war, history and memory, it offers no resolution to any of them and, instead, “remains a play in which 'Tom Stoppard Doesn't Know.' More than that, it seems to offer a comic caution against those who claim too fervently that they do”(Hunter 134).<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''<br /> Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Hunter, Jim. ''Tom Stoppard''. Faber Critical Guides. London: Faber and Faber, 2000.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Tom Stoppard.”'' The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English''. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1994.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Travesties&diff=6672 2011-10-22T09:03:06Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>Play by [[Tom Stoppard]] first performed in 1974. <br /> <br /> An adaption of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s ''[[The Importance of Being Earnest]]'', which features a cast of influential exponents of modernist art, literature and culture (e.g., [[James Joyce]], [[Tristan Tzara]] and [[Lenin]]) as its protagonists.<br /> <br /> As is characteristic of his work, the play examines artistic conventions and cultural assumptions in a highly intelligent and humorous fashion. It demands a significant frameworks of knowledge to follow its various cultural and political references.<br /> Set in Zurich during WWI, the play brings together Romanian poet Tristan Tzara, inventor of the name “Dada,” James Joyce, representing the serious nature of art for art's sake, and Vladimir Lenin who is just preparing to play his part in the 1917 Russian revolution. The action takes place in the memory of its largely fictional protagonist Henry Carr, a consular official and an average English male holding conventional, middle class views of politics and art. As the play progresses Carr is revealed to be a highly untrustworthy source of information. <br /> The historical characters, with the exception of Lenin, are designed more to be travesties of their real counterparts than to give actual biographical portraits. <br /> The real James Joyce lived in Zurich between 1915 to 1919 where he was working on “Ulysses.” There, he staged a production of Oscar Wilde's play “The Importance of being Earnest” and it is the plot of Wilde's play that Stoppard uses as a structural basis for “Travesties” - with Tzara mirroring “Earnest's” Jack, Carr representing the character of Algernon and Joyce that of Lady Augusta Bracknell, among others.<br /> The portrayal of Lenin, howerver, is very much kept apart from the main plot and the treatment of the other characters. His presence in the play at times undermines the general lightheartedness and threatens the loss of both frameworks of the the action - Carr's memory and Wilde's play. As a prototype of a fanatical leader, Lenin is a disruptive menace in the play and his utterances are not fictionalized.<br /> While the play opens up debates about art, communism, patriotism, war, history and memory, it offers no resolution to any of them and, instead, “remains a play in which 'Tom Stoppard Doesn't Know.' More than that, it seems to offer a comic caution against those who claim too fervently that they do”(Hunter 134).<br /> ________________________________<br /> '''<br /> Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Hunter, Jim. ''Tom Stoppard''. Faber Critical Guides. London: Faber and Faber, 2000.<br /> <br /> Ousby, Ian, ed. “Tom Stoppard.”'' The Wordsworth Companion to Literature in English''. Wordsworth Reference. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1994.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Travesties&diff=6646 2011-10-19T18:01:17Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: Tom Stoppard&#039;s play &quot;Travesties&quot; on modernism</p> <hr /> <div>'''&quot;Travesties&quot; is a play by [[Tom Stoppard]] first performed in 1974. It has the epoch of [[modernism]] as its focus, featuring a cast of influential exponents of modernist art, literature and culture as its protagonists.'''</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6520 2011-05-14T20:12:56Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>== Profumo Affair ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russian naval attaché Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory [[Prime Minister]] Harold Macmillan's resignation and the subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.'''<br /> <br /> In 1962, John Dennis Profumo, high ranking Tory politician and [[Secretary of State]] for War, became sexually involved with a London showgirl called [[Christine Keeler]], while married to movie star Valerie Hobson.<br /> <br /> Keeler had worked at a cabaret club in London until she was recruited into the circle surrounding fashionable London osteopath Stephen Ward, along with another showgirl from the same club. Ward regularly held sultry gatherings for the high society at his Wimpole Mews flat as well as at Lord Astor's country mansion at Cliveden. One 8 June 1961, Profumo met Keeler for the first time at Cliveden and soon afterwards began an affair with her. After only about one month, he ended their relationship via letter, fearing publicity. However, Keeler and Ward, who had been told about the affair, were not as discrete as Profumo and rumors started spreading. <br /> <br /> Keeler also had an affair with Eugene (Yevgeny) Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy, at the same time as she was seeing Profumo. Newspaper headlines about her alleged affair with Profumo, were soon caused by Keeler's turbulent private life. In a London police station, after an ex-boyfriend had fired shots at her apartment, she revealed her affairs with Profumo and Ivanov. To the public mind, Profumo's suspected involvement with Keeler &quot;was deeply, deliciously shocking&quot;(Brown). At the same time, with the [[Cold War]] at it's height, the possibility that Keeler might have passed on state secrets to Ivanov was a threatening scenario.<br /> <br /> After Keeler failed to appear in court as a witness in her ex-boyfriend's trial, the Tory high command demanded of Profumo to make a statement in the [[House of Commons]]. On 22 March 1963, Profumo stated, truthfully, that he had nothing to do with Keeler's non-appearance in court and, untruthfully, that there had been &quot;no impropriety whatever&quot; in his relationship with Keeler. He even successfully sued two magazines for libel. Meanwhile, Macmillan sanctioned an inquiry into the prevailing allegations of an affair between Profumo and Keeler, &quot;that girl&quot; as Macmillan habitually called her.<br /> <br /> On a summer holiday in Venice, Profumo confessed the affair to his wife and was convinced by her (and very likely also by the pressure of the inquiry) to return to London and inform the [[Conservative Party]] of his liaison with Keeler. When he spoke before the House of Commons again, he admitted his earlier lie &quot;with deep remorse,&quot; and announced his resignation.<br /> Stephen Ward was prosecuted for living on immoral earnings and commited suicide on the last day of his trial. Keeler was tried and imprisoned for similar reasons.<br /> <br /> After Ward's death, Lord Denning released a report on the Profumo affair stating that there had been no compromise to national security. Public curiousity over the identity of a naked man, wearing a mask, who was seen serving guests in a photograph taken at one of Ward's kinky dinner parties, was not satisfied in the report.<br /> <br /> Following the Denning report, in October of 1963, Macmillan resigned from office due to ill health, very likely exacerbated by the events of the year. He was temporarily replaced by Sir Alec Douglas Home, but, in October 1964, the general election brought a narrow victory for Harold Wilson and the Labour Party.<br /> <br /> After his departure from politics, Profumo devoted his time to charity work at Toynbee Hall in London's East End and received a CBE for his efforts in 1975. He never talked publicly about his affair with Keeler. Profumo died in 2006 at the age of 91<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keeler published an autobiography under the title &quot;The Truth at Last,&quot; making various sensational claims without backing them up.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Brown, Derek.&quot;1963: The Profumo scandal.&quot; The Guardian 10 Apr. 2001. guardian.co.uk. Web. 14 May 2011.<br /> <br /> &quot;Times obituary: John Profumo.&quot; The Times 10 Mar. 2006. Times Online. Web. 14 May 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6519 2011-05-14T20:09:50Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>== Profumo Affair ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russian naval attaché Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory [[Prime Minister]] Harold Macmillan's resignation and the subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.'''<br /> <br /> In 1962, John Dennis Profumo, high ranking Tory politician and [[Secretary of State]] for War, became sexually involved with a London showgirl called [[Christine Keeler]], while married to movie star Valerie Hobson.<br /> <br /> Keeler had worked at a cabaret club in London until she was recruited into the circle surrounding fashionable London osteopath Stephen Ward, along with another showgirl from the same club. Ward regularly held sultry gatherings for the high society at his Wimpole Mews flat as well as at Lord Astor's country mansion at Cliveden. One 8 June 1961, Profumo met Keeler for the first time at Cliveden and soon afterwards began an affair with her. After only about one month, he ended their relationship via letter, fearing publicity. However, Keeler and Ward, who had been told about the affair, were not as discrete as Profumo and rumors started spreading. <br /> <br /> Keeler also had an affair with Eugene (Yevgeny) Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy, at the same time as she was seeing Profumo. Newspaper headlines about her alleged affair with Profumo, were soon caused by Keeler's turbulent private life. In a London police station, after an ex-boyfriend had fired shots at her apartment, she revealed her affairs with Profumo and Ivanov. To the public mind, Profumo's suspected involvement with Keeler &quot;was deeply, deliciously shocking&quot;(Brown). At the same time, with the [[Cold War]] at it's height, the possibility that Keeler might have passed on state secrets to Ivanov was a threatening scenario.<br /> <br /> After Keeler failed to appear in court as a witness in her ex-boyfriend's trial, the Tory high command demanded of Profumo to make a statement in the [[House of Commons]]. On 22 March 1963, Profumo stated, truthfully, that he had nothing to do with Keeler's non-appearance in court and, untruthfully, that there had been &quot;no impropriety whatever&quot; in his relationship with Keeler. He even successfully sued two magazines for libel. Meanwhile, Macmillan sanctioned an inquiry into the prevailing allegations of an affair between Profumo and Keeler, &quot;that girl&quot; as Macmillan habitually called her.<br /> <br /> On a summer holiday in Venice, Profumo confessed the affair to his wife and was convinced by her (and very likely also by the pressure of the inquiry) to return to London and inform the [[Conservative Party]] of his liaison with Keeler. When he spoke before the House of Commons again, he admitted his earlier lie &quot;with deep remorse,&quot; and announced his resignation.<br /> Stephen Ward was prosecuted for living on immoral earnings and commited suicide on the last day of his trial. Keeler was tried and imprisoned for similar reasons.<br /> <br /> After Ward's death, Lord Denning released a report on the Profumo affair stating that there had been no compromise to national security. Public curiousity over the identity of a naked man, wearing a mask, who was seen serving guests in a photograph taken at one of Ward's kinky dinner parties, was not satisfied in the report.<br /> <br /> Following the Denning report, in October of 1963, Macmillan resigned from office due to ill health, very likely exacerbated by the events of the year. He was temporarily replaced by Sir Alec Douglas Home, but, in October 1964, the general election brought a narrow victory for Harold Wilson and the Labour Party.<br /> <br /> After his departure from politics, Profumo devoted his time to charity work at Toynbee Hall in London's East End and received a CBE for his efforts in 1975. He never talked publicly about his affair with Keeler. Profumo died in 2006 at the age of 91<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keeler published an autobiography under the title &quot;The Truth at Last,&quot; making various sensational claims without backing them up.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Brown, Derek.&quot;1963: The Profumo scandal.&quot; The Guardian 10 Apr. 2001. guardian.co.uk. Web. 14 May 2011.<br /> <br /> &quot;Time obituary: John Profumo.&quot; The Times 10 Mar. 2006. Times Online. Web. 14 May 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6518 2011-05-14T20:09:09Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>== Profumo Affair ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russian naval attaché Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory [[Prime Minister]] Harold Macmillan's resignation and the subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.'''<br /> <br /> In 1962, John Dennis Profumo, high ranking Tory politician and [[Secretary of State]] for War, became sexually involved with a London showgirl called [[Christine Keeler]], while married to movie star Valerie Hobson.<br /> <br /> Keeler had worked at a cabaret club in London until she was recruited into the circle surrounding fashionable London osteopath Stephen Ward, along with another showgirl from the same club. Ward regularly held sultry gatherings for the high society at his Wimpole Mews flat as well as at Lord Astor's country mansion at Cliveden. One 8 June 1961, Profumo met Keeler for the first time at Cliveden and soon afterwards began an affair with her. After only about one month, he ended their relationship via letter, fearing publicity. However, Keeler and Ward, who had been told about the affair, were not as discrete as Profumo and rumors started spreading. <br /> <br /> Keeler also had an affair with Eugene (Yevgeny) Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy, at the same time as she was seeing Profumo. Newspaper headlines about her alleged affair with Profumo, were soon caused by Keeler's turbulent private life. In a London police station, after an ex-boyfriend had fired shots at her apartment, she revealed her affairs with Profumo and Ivanov. To the public mind, Profumo's suspected involvement with Keeler &quot;was deeply, deliciously shocking&quot;(Brown). At the same time, with the [[Cold War]] at it's height, the possibility that Keeler might have passed on state secrets to Ivanov was a threatening scenario.<br /> <br /> After Keeler failed to appear in court as a witness in her ex-boyfriend's trial, the Tory high command demanded of Profumo to make a statement in the [[House of Commons]]. On 22 March 1963, Profumo stated, truthfully, that he had nothing to do with Keeler's non-appearance in court and, untruthfully, that there had been &quot;no impropriety whatever&quot; in his relationship with Keeler. He even successfully sued two magazines for libel. Meanwhile, Macmillan sanctioned an inquiry into the prevailing allegations of an affair between Profumo and Keeler, &quot;that girl&quot; as Macmillan habitually called her.<br /> <br /> On a summer holiday in Venice, Profumo confessed the affair to his wife and was convinced by her (and very likely also by the pressure of the inquiry) to return to London and inform the [[Conservative Party]] of his liaison with Keeler. When he spoke before the House of Commons again, he admitted his earlier lie &quot;with deep remorse,&quot; and announced his resignation.<br /> Stephen Ward was prosecuted for living on immoral earnings and commited suicide on the last day of his trial. Keeler was tried and imprisoned for similar reasons.<br /> <br /> After Ward's death, Lord Denning released a report on the Profumo affair stating that there had been no compromise to national security. Public curiousity over the identity of a naked man, wearing a mask, who was seen serving guests in a photograph taken at one of Ward's kinky dinner parties, was not satisfied in the report.<br /> <br /> Following the Denning report, in October of 1963, Macmillan resigned from office due to ill health, very likely exacerbated by the events of the year. He was temporarily replaced by Sir Alec Douglas Home, but, in October 1964, the general election brought a narrow victory for Harold Wilson and the Labour Party.<br /> <br /> After his departure from politics, Profumo devoted his time to charity work at Toynbee Hall in London's East End and received a CBE for his efforts in 1975. He never talked publicly about his affair with Keeler. Profumo died in 2006 at the age of 91<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keeler published an autobiography under the title &quot;The Truth at Last,&quot; making various sensational claims without backing them up.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Brown, Derek.&quot;1963: The Profumo scandal.&quot; The Guardian 10 Apr. 2001. guardian.co.uk. Web. 14 May 2011.<br /> &quot;Time obituary: John Profumo.&quot; The Times 10 Mar. 2006. Times Online. Web. 14 May 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6517 2011-05-14T20:06:53Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>== Profumo Affair ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russian naval attaché Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory [[Prime Minister]] Harold Macmillan's resignation and subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.'''<br /> <br /> In 1962, John Dennis Profumo, high ranking Tory politician and [[Secretary of State]] for War, became sexually involved with a London showgirl called [[Christine Keeler]], while married to movie star Valerie Hobson.<br /> <br /> Keeler had worked at a cabaret club in London until she was recruited into the circle surrounding fashionable London osteopath Stephen Ward, along with another showgirl from the same club. Ward regularly held sultry gatherings for the high society at his Wimpole Mews flat as well as at Lord Astor's country mansion at Cliveden. One 8 June 1961, Profumo met Keeler for the first time at Cliveden and soon afterwards began an affair with her. After only about one month, he ended their relationship via letter, fearing publicity. However, Keeler and Ward, who had been told about the affair, were not as discrete as Profumo and rumors started spreading. <br /> <br /> Keeler also had an affair with Eugene (Yevgeny) Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy, at the same time as she was seeing Profumo. Newspaper headlines about her alleged affair with Profumo, were soon caused by Keeler's turbulent private life. In a London police station, after an ex-boyfriend had fired shots at her apartment, she revealed her affairs with Profumo and Ivanov. To the public mind, Profumo's suspected involvement with Keeler &quot;was deeply, deliciously shocking&quot;(Brown). At the same time, with the [[Cold War]] at it's height, the possibility that Keeler might have passed on state secrets to Ivanov was a threatening scenario.<br /> <br /> After Keeler failed to appear in court as a witness in her ex-boyfriend's trial, the Tory high command demanded of Profumo to make a statement in the [[House of Commons]]. On 22 March 1963, Profumo stated, truthfully, that he had nothing to do with Keeler's non-appearance in court and, untruthfully, that there had been &quot;no impropriety whatever&quot; in his relationship with Keeler. He even successfully sued two magazines for libel. Meanwhile, Macmillan sanctioned an inquiry into the prevailing allegations of an affair between Profumo and Keeler, &quot;that girl&quot; as Macmillan habitually called her.<br /> <br /> On a summer holiday in Venice, Profumo confessed the affair to his wife and was convinced by her (and very likely also by the pressure of the inquiry) to return to London and inform the [[Conservative Party]] of his liaison with Keeler. When he spoke before the House of Commons again, he admitted his earlier lie &quot;with deep remorse,&quot; and announced his resignation.<br /> Stephen Ward was prosecuted for living on immoral earnings and commited suicide on the last day of his trial. Keeler was tried and imprisoned for similar reasons.<br /> <br /> After Ward's death, Lord Denning released a report on the Profumo affair stating that there had been no compromise to national security. Public curiousity over the identity of a naked man, wearing a mask, who was seen serving guests in a photograph taken at one of Ward's kinky dinner parties, was not satisfied in the report.<br /> <br /> Following the Denning report, in October of 1963, Macmillan resigned from office due to ill health, very likely exacerbated by the events of the year. He was temporarily replaced by Sir Alec Douglas Home, but, in October 1964, the general election brought a narrow victory for Harold Wilson and the Labour Party.<br /> <br /> After his departure from politics, Profumo devoted his time to charity work at Toynbee Hall in London's East End and received a CBE for his efforts in 1975. He never talked publicly about his affair with Keeler. Profumo died in 2006 at the age of 91<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keeler published an autobiography under the title &quot;The Truth at Last,&quot; making various sensational claims without backing them up.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Sources:'''<br /> <br /> Brown, Derek.&quot;1963: The Profumo scandal.&quot; The Guardian 10 Apr. 2001. guardian.co.uk. Web. 14 May 2011.<br /> &quot;Time obituary: John Profumo.&quot; The Times 10 Mar. 2006. Times Online. Web. 14 May 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6516 2011-05-14T20:01:07Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>== Profumo Affair ==<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russion naval attaché Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory [[Prime Minister]] Harold Macmillan's resignation and subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.'''<br /> <br /> In 1962, John Dennis Profumo, high ranking Tory politician and [[Secretary of State]] for War, became sexually involved with a London showgirl called [[Christine Keeler]], while married to movie star Valerie Hobson.<br /> <br /> Keeler had worked at a cabaret club in London until she was recruited into the circle surrounding fashionable London osteopath Stephen Ward, along with another showgirl from the same club. Ward regularly held sultry gatherings for the high society at his Wimpole Mews flat as well as at Lord Astor's country mansion at Cliveden. One 8 June 1961, Profumo met Keeler for the first time at Cliveden and soon afterwards began an affair with her. After only about one month, he ended their relationship via letter, fearing publicity. However, Keeler and Ward, who had been told about the affair, were not as discrete as Profumo and rumors started spreading. <br /> <br /> Keeler also had an affair with Eugene (Yevgeny) Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy, at the same time as she was seeing Profumo. Newspaper headlines about her alleged affair with Profumo, were soon caused by Keeler's turbulent private life. In a London police station, after an ex-boyfriend had fired shots at her apartment, she revealed her affairs with Profumo and Ivanov. To the public mind, Profumo's suspected involvement with Keeler &quot;was deeply, deliciously shocking&quot;(Brown). At the same time, with the [[Cold War]] at it's height, the possibility that Keeler might have passed on state secrets to Ivanov was a threatening scenario.<br /> <br /> After Keeler failed to appear in court as a witness in her ex-boyfriend's trial, the Tory high command demanded of Profumo to make a statement in the [[House of Commons]]. On 22 March 1963, Profumo stated, truthfully, that he had nothing to do with Keeler's non-appearance in court and, untruthfully, that there had been &quot;no impropriety whatever&quot; in his relationship with Keeler. He even successfully sued two magazines for libel. Meanwhile, Macmillan sanctioned an inquiry into the prevailing allegations of an affair between Profumo and Keeler, &quot;that girl&quot; as Macmillan habitually called her.<br /> <br /> On a summer holiday in Venice, Profumo confessed the affair to his wife and was convinced by her (and very likely also by the pressure of the inquiry) to return to London and inform the [[Conservative Party]] of his liaison with Keeler. When he spoke before the House of Commons again, he admitted his earlier lie &quot;with deep remorse,&quot; and announced his resignation.<br /> Stephen Ward was prosecuted for living on immoral earnings and commited suicide on the last day of his trial. Keeler was tried and imprisoned for similar reasons.<br /> <br /> After Ward's death, Lord Denning released a report on the Profumo affair stating that there had been no compromise to national security. Public curiousity over the identity of a naked man, wearing a mask, who was seen serving guests in a photograph taken at one of Ward's kinky dinner parties, was not satisfied in the report.<br /> <br /> Following the Denning report, in October of 1963, Macmillan resigned from office due to ill health, very likely exacerbated by the events of the year. He was temporarily replaced by Sir Alec Douglas Home, but, in October 1964, the general election brought a narrow victory for Harold Wilson and the Labour Party.<br /> <br /> After his departure from politics, Profumo devoted his time to charity work at Toynbee Hall in London's East End and received a CBE for his efforts in 1975. He never talked publicly about his affair with Keeler. Profumo died in 2006 at the age of 91<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keeler published an autobiography under the title &quot;The Truth at Last,&quot; making various sensational claims without backing them up.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> Sources:<br /> Brown, Derek.&quot;1963: The Profumo scandal.&quot; The Guardian 10 Apr. 2001. guardian.co.uk. Web. 14 May 2011.<br /> &quot;Time obituary: John Profumo.&quot; The Times 10 Mar. 2006. Times Online. Web. 14 May 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6515 2011-05-14T20:00:15Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Profumo Affair ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russion naval attaché Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory [[Prime Minister]] Harold Macmillan's resignation and subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.'''<br /> <br /> In 1962, John Dennis Profumo, high ranking Tory politician and [[Secretary of State]] for War, became sexually involved with a London showgirl called [[Christine Keeler]], while married to movie star Valerie Hobson.<br /> <br /> Keeler had worked at a cabaret club in London until she was recruited into the circle surrounding fashionable London osteopath Stephen Ward, along with another showgirl from the same club. Ward regularly held sultry gatherings for the high society at his Wimpole Mews flat as well as at Lord Astor's country mansion at Cliveden. One 8 June 1961, Profumo met Keeler for the first time at Cliveden and soon afterwards began an affair with her. After only about one month, he ended their relationship via letter, fearing publicity. However, Keeler and Ward, who had been told about the affair, were not as discrete as Profumo and rumors started spreading. <br /> <br /> Keeler also had an affair with Eugene (Yevgeny) Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy, at the same time as she was seeing Profumo. Newspaper headlines about her alleged affair with Profumo, were soon caused by Keeler's turbulent private life. In a London police station, after an ex-boyfriend had fired shots at her apartment, she revealed her affairs with Profumo and Ivanov. To the public mind, Profumo's suspected involvement with Keeler &quot;was deeply, deliciously shocking&quot;(Brown). At the same time, with the [[Cold War]] at it's height, the possibility that Keeler might have passed on state secrets to Ivanov was a threatening scenario.<br /> <br /> After Keeler failed to appear in court as a witness in her ex-boyfriend's trial, the Tory high command demanded of Profumo to make a statement in the [[House of Commons]]. On 22 March 1963, Profumo stated, truthfully, that he had nothing to do with Keeler's non-appearance in court and, untruthfully, that there had been &quot;no impropriety whatever&quot; in his relationship with Keeler. He even successfully sued two magazines for libel. Meanwhile, Macmillan sanctioned an inquiry into the prevailing allegations of an affair between Profumo and Keeler, &quot;that girl&quot; as Macmillan habitually called her.<br /> <br /> On a summer holiday in Venice, Profumo confessed the affair to his wife and was convinced by her (and very likely also by the pressure of the inquiry) to return to London and inform the [[Conservative Party]] of his liaison with Keeler. When he spoke before the House of Commons again, he admitted his earlier lie &quot;with deep remorse,&quot; and announced his resignation.<br /> Stephen Ward was prosecuted for living on immoral earnings and commited suicide on the last day of his trial. Keeler was tried and imprisoned for similar reasons.<br /> <br /> After Ward's death, Lord Denning released a report on the Profumo affair stating that there had been no compromise to national security. Public curiousity over the identity of a naked man, wearing a mask, who was seen serving guests in a photograph taken at one of Ward's kinky dinner parties, was not satisfied in the report.<br /> <br /> Following the Denning report, in October of 1963, Macmillan resigned from office due to ill health, very likely exacerbated by the events of the year. He was temporarily replaced by Sir Alec Douglas Home, but, in October 1964, the general election brought a narrow victory for Harold Wilson and the Labour Party.<br /> <br /> After his departure from politics, Profumo devoted his time to charity work at Toynbee Hall in London's East End and received a CBE for his efforts in 1975. He never talked publicly about his affair with Keeler. Profumo died in 2006 at the age of 91<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keeler published an autobiography under the title &quot;The Truth at Last,&quot; making various sensational claims without backing them up.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> Sources:<br /> Brown, Derek.&quot;1963: The Profumo scandal.&quot; The Guardian 10 Apr. 2001. guardian.co.uk. Web. 14 May 2011.<br /> &quot;Time obituary: John Profumo.&quot; The Times 10 Mar. 2006. Times Online. Web. 14 May 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6514 2011-05-14T19:58:59Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Profumo Affair'''<br /> <br /> Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russion naval attaché Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory [[Prime Minister]] Harold Macmillan's resignation and subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.<br /> <br /> In 1962, John Dennis Profumo, high ranking Tory politician and [[Secretary of State]] for War, became sexually involved with a London showgirl called [[Christine Keeler]], while married to movie star Valerie Hobson.<br /> <br /> Keeler had worked at a cabaret club in London until she was recruited into the circle surrounding fashionable London osteopath Stephen Ward, along with another showgirl from the same club. Ward regularly held sultry gatherings for the high society at his Wimpole Mews flat as well as at Lord Astor's country mansion at Cliveden. One 8 June 1961, Profumo met Keeler for the first time at Cliveden and soon afterwards began an affair with her. After only about one month, he ended their relationship via letter, fearing publicity. However, Keeler and Ward, who had been told about the affair, were not as discrete as Profumo and rumors started spreading. <br /> <br /> Keeler also had an affair with Eugene (Yevgeny) Ivanov, a naval attaché at the Soviet embassy, at the same time as she was seeing Profumo. Newspaper headlines about her alleged affair with Profumo, were soon caused by Keeler's turbulent private life. In a London police station, after an ex-boyfriend had fired shots at her apartment, she revealed her affairs with Profumo and Ivanov. To the public mind, Profumo's suspected involvement with Keeler &quot;was deeply, deliciously shocking&quot;(Brown). At the same time, with the [[Cold War]] at it's height, the possibility that Keeler might have passed on state secrets to Ivanov was a threatening scenario.<br /> <br /> After Keeler failed to appear in court as a witness in her ex-boyfriend's trial, the Tory high command demanded of Profumo to make a statement in the [[House of Commons]]. On 22 March 1963, Profumo stated, truthfully, that he had nothing to do with Keeler's non-appearance in court and, untruthfully, that there had been &quot;no impropriety whatever&quot; in his relationship with Keeler. He even successfully sued two magazines for libel. Meanwhile, Macmillan sanctioned an inquiry into the prevailing allegations of an affair between Profumo and Keeler, &quot;that girl&quot; as Macmillan habitually called her.<br /> <br /> On a summer holiday in Venice, Profumo confessed the affair to his wife and was convinced by her (and very likely also by the pressure of the inquiry) to return to London and inform the [[Conservative Party]] of his liaison with Keeler. When he spoke before the House of Commons again, he admitted his earlier lie &quot;with deep remorse,&quot; and announced his resignation.<br /> Stephen Ward was prosecuted for living on immoral earnings and commited suicide on the last day of his trial. Keeler was tried and imprisoned for similar reasons.<br /> <br /> After Ward's death, Lord Denning released a report on the Profumo affair stating that there had been no compromise to national security. Public curiousity over the identity of a naked man, wearing a mask, who was seen serving guests in a photograph taken at one of Ward's kinky dinner parties, was not satisfied in the report.<br /> <br /> Following the Denning report, in October of 1963, Macmillan resigned from office due to ill health, very likely exacerbated by the events of the year. He was temporarily replaced by Sir Alec Douglas Home, but, in October 1964, the general election brought a narrow victory for Harold Wilson and the Labour Party.<br /> <br /> After his departure from politics, Profumo devoted his time to charity work at Toynbee Hall in London's East End and received a CBE for his efforts in 1975. He never talked publicly about his affair with Keeler. Profumo died in 2006 at the age of 91<br /> <br /> In 2001, Keeler published an autobiography under the title &quot;The Truth at Last,&quot; making various sensational claims without backing them up.<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> Sources:<br /> Brown, Derek.&quot;1963: The Profumo scandal.&quot; The Guardian 10 Apr. 2001. guardian.co.uk. Web. 14 May 2011.<br /> &quot;Time obituary: John Profumo.&quot; The Times 10 Mar. 2006. Times Online. Web. 14 May 2011.</div>

Eleanor rigby https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Profumo_Affair&diff=6513 2011-05-14T18:21:33Z

<p>Eleanor rigby: Created page with &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Profumo Affair&#039;&#039;&#039; Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russion naval attache Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contribut…&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Profumo Affair'''<br /> <br /> Political scandal involving British Secretary of State for War John Profumo, Russion naval attache Eugene Ivanov and showgirl Christine Keeler. It contributed to Tory PM Harold Macmillan's resignation and subsequent Labour victory in the 1964 general election.</div>

Eleanor rigby