https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=HatzeofsBritish Culture - User contributions [en]2026-05-11T16:08:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5211Victoria2010-06-22T19:39:22Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover (after her, the dynasty was named after Prince consort Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as one of the foremost global powers of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to whom she was married in 1840. Together, they had nine children (Victoria, Bertie, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, and Beatrice) for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe".<br />
<br />
<br />
== Changes during her reign ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular among the people in the UK. This attitude altered, mainly in the second part of Victoria's reign as her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
<br />
Right from the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendance of primary school was compulsory and free and finally, the Act ensured that the rate of illiteracy decreased rapidly by the end of the century as more and more citizens were able to read and to write. The "Board of Education", a system of state schools, was established in 1899 and expanded the number of school offered by the Anglican Church. <br />
<br />
'''The Role of Women'''<br />
Throughout the Victorian Era, the ideal of separated spheres of men and women was supported. <br />
Consequently, following the myth of being 'The Angel in the House', women should devote themselves entirely to (the shelter of) their families. However, for women this model collided with the ideas and the progress evoked by the Industrial Revolution as many women worked already in the field of industry. <br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. (Victoria was vehemently against the emancipation of women, but she could not and did not veto the acts of parliament). <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight. She was succeeded by her son [[Edward VII|Edward]]. <br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* Maurer, Michael: ''Kleine Geschichte Englands''. Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1969.<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5196Victoria2010-06-21T09:30:39Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Changes during her reign */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to whom she was married in 1840. Together, they had nine children (Victoria, Bertie, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, and Beatrice) for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe".<br />
<br />
<br />
== Changes during her reign ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular among the people in the UK. This attitude altered, mainly in the second part of Victoria's reign as her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary school was compulsory and free and finally, the Act ensured that the rate of illiteracy decreased rapidly by the end of the century as more and more citizens were able to read and to write. The "Board of Education", a system of state schools, was established in 1899 and expanded the number of school offered by the Anglican Church. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* Maurer, Michael: ''Kleine Geschichte Englands''. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun., 2007.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5195Victoria2010-06-21T09:17:24Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to whom she was married in 1840. Together, they had nine children (Victoria, Bertie, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, and Beatrice) for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe".<br />
<br />
<br />
== Changes during her reign ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular among the people in the UK. This attitude altered, mainly in the second part of Victoria's reign as her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* Maurer, Michael: ''Kleine Geschichte Englands''. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun., 2007.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5194Victoria2010-06-21T09:17:03Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to whom she was married in 1840. Together, they had nine children (Victoria, Bertie, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, and Beatrice) for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe".<br />
<br />
<br />
== Changes during her reign ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular among the people in the UK. This attitude altered, mainly in the second part of Victoria's reign as her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* Maurer, Michael: ''Kleine Geschicht Englands''. Stuttgart: Philipp Reclam jun., 2007.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5192Victoria2010-06-20T22:29:23Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Changes during her reign */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children (Victoria, Bertie, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, and Beatrice) for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Changes during her reign ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular among the people in the UK. This attitude altered, mainly in the second part of Victoria's reign as her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5191Victoria2010-06-20T22:28:55Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children (Victoria, Bertie, Alice, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, and Beatrice) for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Changes during her reign ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular among the people in the UK. This attitude altered, mainly in the second part of Victoria's reign as her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5190Victoria2010-06-20T22:14:09Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Victoria's Impact on the country */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Changes during her reign ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5189Victoria2010-06-20T22:09:02Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Victoria's Impact on the country */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on the country ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
<br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5188Victoria2010-06-20T22:05:00Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Victoria's Impact on the country */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on the country ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several 'Factory Acts' were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
Since the 1870s, the 'Married Women's Property Acts' allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
In Education, the 'Forster Education Act' (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5187Victoria2010-06-20T21:59:26Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Victoria's Impact on the country */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on the country ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Since the 1870s, the "Married Women's Property Acts" allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus, they claimed the right to vote. <br />
In Education, the "Forster Education Act" (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money for education. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and finally ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, several "Factory Acts" were passed improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5186Victoria2010-06-20T21:55:43Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Victoria's Impact on the country */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on the country ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Since the 1870s, the "Married Women's Property Acts" allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus claimed the right to vote. <br />
In Education, the "Forster Education Act" (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, Victoria passed several "Factory Acts" improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5185Victoria2010-06-20T21:55:04Z<p>Hatzeofs: /* Victoria's Impact on the country */</p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on the country ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Since the 1870s, the "Married Women's Property Acts" allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus claimed the right to vote. <br />
In Education, the "Forster Education Act" (1870) divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, Victoria passed several "Factory Acts" improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5184Victoria2010-06-20T21:54:33Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for 64 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on the country ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Since the 1870s, the "Married Women's Property Acts" allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus claimed the right to vote. <br />
In Education, the "Forster Education Act" (1870)divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, Victoria passed several "Factory Acts" improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5183Victoria2010-06-20T21:49:02Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for more than 63 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on the country ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Since the 1870s, the "Married Women's Property Acts" allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus claimed the right to vote. <br />
In Education, the "Forster Education Act" (1870)divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, Victoria passed several "Factory Acts" improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Victoria&diff=5182Victoria2010-06-20T21:48:07Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>1819 - 1901. Queen of the United Kingdom (1837 - 1901), Empress of India (1876 - 1901).<br />
<br />
Queen Victoria, daughter of Edward, the duke of Kent and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg was born on the 24th of May, 1819 in [[Kensington Palace]] in London.<br />
<br />
Victoria was almost entirely of German descent and the last British monarch of the House of Hannover. Queen Victoria ascended the throne in 1837 at the age of eigthteen and still attending school. At this time the United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy in which the king or queen held few political powers and exercised influence by the prime minister's advice. <br />
<br />
She reigned the United Kingdom of Britain and Ireland for more than 63 years. During her reign the British Empire expanded to a large extent, reaching its climax as the foremost global power of the time. The upper and middle class in the United Kingdom experienced an unprecedented economic prosperity. Therefore she gave her name to an era, the Victorian Age.<br />
<br />
Her husband was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Together with him Queen Victoria had nine children for all of whom she arranged marriages. Furthermore she had fourty-two grandchildren all across Europe giving her the nickname "mother of Europe". <br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
== Victoria's Impact on British culture ==<br />
<br />
When Victoria came to the throne, monarchy was unpopular in the UK. Her strong character, her will and her determinedness induced significant changes. <br />
Since the 1870s, the "Married Women's Property Acts" allowed women to keep their goods when they married. In addition, women longed for political equality and thus claimed the right to vote. <br />
In Education, the "Forster Education Act" (1870)divided the kingdom into districts receiving grants of money. In 1891, the attendence of primary schools was compulsory and free and ensured that all citizens would be able to read and to write. The "Board of Education" was established in 1899.<br />
Right form the beginning of her reign, Victoria passed several "Factory Acts" improving conditions of work notably for children and women but also men in mines, factories and offices by means of restricting weekly hours of work and forbidding night work for persons under the age of 18.<br />
<br />
After the death of her husband in 1861 she almost completely retreated from the public.<br />
She died on the 22th of January, 1901 in [[Osborne House]], Isle of Wight, and her death brought an end to the rule of the House of Hanover in the United Kingdom.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
* http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627603/Victoria<br />
* St. Aubyn, Giles: ''Queen Victoria - A Portrait''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1991.<br />
* Trevelyan, George Macaulay: ''English social history - A Survey of Six Centuries, Chaucer to Queen Victoria''. [Place?]: [Publishing House?], 1945.<br />
* Ray, John, Ray, Mary: ''The Victorian Age''. London: Heinemann Educational Books LTD, 1969.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=British-French_War_1793-1815&diff=5107British-French War 1793-18152010-06-01T21:54:12Z<p>Hatzeofs: Created page with 'On February 1, 1793 France declared war on Britain. This battle lasted for 22 years up to 1815 and represents a significant moment of crisis in British history. The long period…'</p>
<hr />
<div>On February 1, 1793 France declared war on Britain. This battle lasted for 22 years up to 1815 and represents a significant moment of crisis in British history. <br />
<br />
The long period of war can be divided into two phases: 1.1793-1802 called “French Revolutionary Wars”; 2. 1803-1815 called “Napoleonic Wars”.<br />
<br />
The reason for this battle was the British cooperation with other European nations against France’s revolutionary government. Here, violent civilian administrations followed the French monarchy, whereas the monarch Louis XVI and his wife Marie-Antoinette were executed in 1793. <br />
In 1794, a British attempt to support French counter-revolutionaries in Brittany finally failed. <br />
In August 1798, the British navy triumphed against the French in the battle of the Nile. <br />
On March 27, 1802 the first phase ended, whereas both countries return their conquests, except for Trinidad and Ceylon which were still occupied by the British. <br />
<br />
But only one year later, in 1803, the battle between the British and the French continued. Three years later, Napoleon forbids importing British goods to Europe as a reaction to the Britain’s blockage of the French coast. Thus, Napoleon intends to stop the trade market and defeat the British enemy. <br />
<br />
The Battle of Waterloo represents the end of this conflict. On June 18, 1815 Napoleon is defeated by the 1st Duke of Wellington and has to go to exile to St. Helena.<br />
<br />
<br />
Britain kept all the gained colonies, such as the West Indies and South Africa. Moreover, it proved its influence on India and maintains its power in Egypt. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://www.wtj.com/articles/napsum1/<br />
<br />
http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/napoleon/timeline1.html</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&diff=4739Elizabeth II2010-05-04T12:01:03Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>Born 1926. Daughter and successor of [[George VI]], niece of [[Edward VIII]].<br />
Queen of the United Kingdom, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the [[Church of England|Faith]]. Reign: 1952 - present.<br />
<br />
Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was born on 21 April 1926 in London.<br />
<br />
On 20 November 1947, at the age of 21 she married Prince Philip of Greece (naval officer and son of Prince Andrew of Greece) and thus ensured the stability of the monarchy. Elizabeth gave birth to Charles (Prince of Wales) in 1948, Anne (Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise) in 1950, Prince Andrew in 1960 and Prince Edward in 1964.<br />
<br />
'''First Public Intervention''' <br />
<br />
In 1939 after the outbreak of war she fulfilled her first political and constitutional obligations as launching a battleship HMS Vanguard in 1944, joining the ATS (Auxiliary Territorial Service) in 1945. She became junior officer, Second Lieutenant Elizabeth Windsor, in March 1945. <br />
<br />
'''Reign'''<br />
<br />
Elizabeth II called to the throne on 6 February 1952, and thus, she supersedes her father King George VI (held office from 11 Dec 1936 to 6 Feb 1952) who died of a blood-clod. <br />
Her coronation took place on 2 June 1953 in Westminster Abbey. Henceforth, she was entitled: “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith” (Fraser 1975, 350). <br />
Being in office, ‘the euphoria of welcoming’ the new Queen dropped and criticism was uttered as the country still suffered from post-war after-effects, among others the near bankruptcy and its slow economic recovery or food rationing. Besides, debates were raised by modernizers and traditionalists on the issue of royal activities while perceiving the royal family as remote; even her manner of public speaking was criticized by Lord Altrincham in the National Review.<br />
In her first decade as a sovereign she was faced by choosing Prime Ministers (PM) in 1956 and in 1963, solving problems within the Commonwealth as regards the political domain. On top the relation to the press was strained as piquant stories of the royal family were exposed such as rumours about Prince Philip being involved with another woman.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sources: <br />
<br />
Cannon, John, Hargreaves Anne. The Kings and Queens of Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.<br />
<br />
Fraser, Antonia. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975.<br />
<br />
Hamilton, Willie. My Queen and I. London: Quartet Books, 1975.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&diff=4738Elizabeth II2010-05-04T11:57:42Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>Born 1926. Daughter and successor of [[George VI]], niece of [[Edward VIII]].<br />
Queen of the United Kingdom, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the [[Church of England|Faith]]. Reign: 1952 - present.<br />
<br />
Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was born on 21 April 1926 in London.<br />
<br />
On 20 November 1947, at the age of 21 she married Prince Philip of Greece (naval officer and son of Prince Andrew of Greece) and thus ensured the stability of the monarchy. Elizabeth gave birth to Charles (Prince of Wales) in 1948, Anne (Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise) in 1950, Prince Andrew in 1960 and Prince Edward in 1964.<br />
<br />
'''First Public Intervention''' <br />
<br />
In 1939 after the outbreak of war she fulfilled her first political and constitutional obligations as launching a battleship HMS Vanguard in 1944, joining the ATS (Auxiliary Territorial Service) in 1945. She became junior officer, Second Lieutenant Elizabeth Windsor, in March 1945. <br />
<br />
'''Reign'''<br />
<br />
Elizabeth II called to the throne on 6 February 1952, and thus, she supersedes her father King George VI (held office from 11 Dec 1936 to 6 Feb 1952) who died of a blood-clod. <br />
Her coronation took place on 2 June 1953 in Westminster Abbey. Henceforth, she was entitled: “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith” (Fraser 1975, 350). <br />
Being in office, ‘the euphoria of welcoming’ the new Queen dropped and criticism was uttered as the country still suffered from post-war after-effects, among others the near bankruptcy and its slow economic recovery or food rationing. Besides, debates were raised by modernizers and traditionalists on the issue of royal activities while perceiving the royal family as remote; even her manner of public speaking was criticized by Lord Altrincham in the National Review.<br />
In her first decade as a sovereign she was faced by choosing Prime Ministers (PM) in 1956 and in 1963, solving problems within the Commonwealth as regards the political domain. On top the relation to the press was strained as piquant stories of the royal family were exposed such as rumours about Prince Philip being involved with another woman.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sources: <br />
<br />
Cannon, John, Hargreaves Anne. The Kings and Queens of Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.<br />
Fraser, Antonia. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975.<br />
Hamilton, Willie. My Queen and I. London: Quartet Books, 1975.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&diff=4737Elizabeth II2010-05-04T11:57:19Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
<hr />
<div>Born 1926. Daughter and successor of [[George VI]], niece of [[Edward VIII]].<br />
Queen of the United Kingdom, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the [[Church of England|Faith]]. Reign: 1952 - present.<br />
<br />
Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was born on 21 April 1926 in London.<br />
<br />
On 20 November 1947, at the age of 21 she married Prince Philip of Greece (naval officer and son of Prince Andrew of Greece) and thus ensured the stability of the monarchy. Elizabeth gave birth to Charles (Prince of Wales) in 1948, Anne (Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise) in 1950, Prince Andrew in 1960 and Prince Edward in 1964.<br />
<br />
'''First Public Intervention''' <br />
<br />
In 1939 after the outbreak of war she fulfilled her first political and constitutional obligations as launching a battleship HMS Vanguard in 1944, joining the ATS (Auxiliary Territorial Service) in 1945. She became junior officer, Second Lieutenant Elizabeth Windsor, in March 1945. <br />
<br />
'''Reign'''<br />
<br />
Elizabeth II called to the throne on 6 February 1952, and thus, she supersedes her father King George VI (held office from 11 Dec 1936 to 6 Feb 1952) who died of a blood-clod. <br />
Her coronation took place on 2 June 1953 in Westminster Abbey. Henceforth, she was entitled: “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.” (Fraser 1975, 350) <br />
Being in office, ‘the euphoria of welcoming’ the new Queen dropped and criticism was uttered as the country still suffered from post-war after-effects, among others the near bankruptcy and its slow economic recovery or food rationing. Besides, debates were raised by modernizers and traditionalists on the issue of royal activities while perceiving the royal family as remote; even her manner of public speaking was criticized by Lord Altrincham in the National Review.<br />
In her first decade as a sovereign she was faced by choosing Prime Ministers (PM) in 1956 and in 1963, solving problems within the Commonwealth as regards the political domain. On top the relation to the press was strained as piquant stories of the royal family were exposed such as rumours about Prince Philip being involved with another woman.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sources: <br />
<br />
Cannon, John, Hargreaves Anne. The Kings and Queens of Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.<br />
Fraser, Antonia. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975.<br />
Hamilton, Willie. My Queen and I. London: Quartet Books, 1975.</div>Hatzeofshttps://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Elizabeth_II&diff=4736Elizabeth II2010-05-04T11:55:30Z<p>Hatzeofs: </p>
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<div>Born 1926. Daughter and successor of [[George VI]], niece of [[Edward VIII]].<br />
Queen of the United Kingdom, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the [[Church of England|Faith]]. Reign: 1952 - present.<br />
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Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was born on 21 April 1926 in London.<br />
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On 20 November 1947, at the age of 21 she married Prince Philip of Greece (naval officer and son of Prince Andrew of Greece) and thus ensured the stability of the monarchy. Elizabeth gave birth to Charles (Prince of Wales) in 1948, Anne (Princess Anne Elizabeth Alice Louise) in 1950, Prince Andrew in 1960 and Prince Edward in 1964.<br />
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'''First Public Intervention''' <br />
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In 1939 after the outbreak of war she fulfilled her first political and constitutional obligations as launching a battleship HMS Vanguard in 1944, joining the ATS (Auxiliary Territorial Service) in 1945. She became junior officer, Second Lieutenant Elizabeth Windsor, in March 1945. <br />
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'''Reign'''<br />
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Elizabeth II called to the throne on 6 February 1952, and thus, she supersedes her father King George VI (held office from 11 Dec 1936 to 6 Feb 1952) who died of a blood-clod. <br />
Her coronation took place on 2 June 1953 in Westminster Abbey. Henceforth she was entitled: “Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of her Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.” <br />
Being in office, ‘the euphoria of welcoming’ the new Queen dropped and criticism was uttered as the country still suffered from post-war after-effects, among others the near bankruptcy and its slow economic recovery or food rationing. Besides, debates were raised by modernizers and traditionalists on the issue of royal activities while perceiving the royal family as remote; even her manner of public speaking was criticized by Lord Altrincham in the National Review.<br />
In her first decade as a sovereign she was faced by choosing Prime Ministers (PM) in 1956 and in 1963, solving problems within the Commonwealth as regards the political domain. On top the relation to the press was strained as piquant stories of the royal family were exposed such as rumours about Prince Philip being involved with another woman.<br />
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Sources: <br />
<br />
Cannon, John, Hargreaves Anne. The Kings and Queens of Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.<br />
Fraser, Antonia. The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975.<br />
Hamilton, Willie. My Queen and I. London: Quartet Books, 1975.</div>Hatzeofs