https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LEA 2026-05-11T14:44:56Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Epistolary_Novel&diff=4072 2010-01-20T13:10:49Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>== Style ==<br /> Epistolary novels are novels written in the form of letters (Latin: epistula, ae = letter). They very much emphasise the subjectivity of the character(s), which means they deal with a lot of sentiments, feelings and emotions – the interiority of the characters. Therefore, the expression of the inner feelings is the main action. &lt;br&gt; The 'plot' is either structured &quot;through an exchange of letters between multiple characters or through the correspondence of only one character&quot; (Baldick). Special about the epistolary novel is the fact that neither the characters nor the reader know about the outcome of the action.<br /> These novels might also include extracts from the characters‘ journals, a preface and epilogue of a pretended editor to arouse the impression of authenticity and reality. <br /> == Origin ==<br /> Epistolary novels derive from many different sources (e.g. love romances) but the main factor for their popularity in the 18th century was the sentimental stream of the [[Enlightenment]] and the idea about letters in general. They were not seen as a private affair, as we regard them nowadays but were often read out to the whole family and other friends if they contained a very sentimental and emotional topic which was well expressed. Samuel Johnson, for example, published sample letters (''Letter written to and for Particular Friends on Important occasions'') to teach the way of how to write a letter properly. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == Examples ==<br /> Very popular English epistolary novels are ''Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded'' and ''Clarissa; or the story of a Young Lady'', both written by [[Samuel Johnson]]. On the continent, especially in Germany, epistolary novels became very popular after Goethe had written ''Die Leiden des jungen Werther''. They did also focus on the sentiment and the emotional struggles of the individiual in connection with society. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms'', ed. by Chris Baldick, Oxford University Press, NY 2001. &lt;br&gt; ''The Bredford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms'', 2nd edition, Ross Murphin and Supryin M. Ray, Boston 2003. &lt;br&gt; Gero von Wilpert, ''Sachwörterbuch der Literatur'', 8. Auflage, Stuttgart, Kröner 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Epistolary_Novel&diff=4071 2010-01-20T13:09:37Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>== Style ==<br /> Epistolary novels are novels written in the form of letters (Latin: epistula, ae = letter). They very much emphasise the subjectivity of the character(s), which means they deal with a lot of sentiments, feelings and emotions – the interiority of the characters. Therefore, the expression of the inner feelings is the main action. &lt;br&gt; The 'plot' is either structured &quot;through an exchange of letters between multiple characters or through the correspondence of only one character&quot; (Baldick). Special about the epistolary novel is the fact that neither the characters nor the reader know about the outcome of the action.<br /> These novels might also include extracts from the characters‘ journals, a preface and epilogue of a pretended editor to arouse the impression of authenticity and reality. <br /> == Origin ==<br /> Epistolary novels derive from many different sources (e.g. love romances) but the main factor for their popularity in the 18th century was the sentimental stream of the [[Enlightenment]] and the idea about letters in general. They were not seen as a private affair, as we regard them nowadays but were often read out to the whole family and other friends if they contained a very sentimental and emotional topic which was well expressed. Samuel Johnson, for example, published sample letters (''Letter written to and for Particular Friends on Important occasions'') to teach the way of how to write a letter properly. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == Examples ==<br /> Very popular English epistolary novels are [[''Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded'']] and [[''Clarissa; or the story of a Young Lady'']], both written by [[Samuel Johnson]]. On the continent, especially in Germany, epistolary novels became very popular after Goethe had written ''Die Leiden des jungen Werther''. They did also focus on the sentiment and the emotional struggles of the individiual in connection with society. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms'', ed. by Chris Baldick, Oxford University Press, NY 2001. &lt;br&gt; ''The Bredford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms'', 2nd edition, Ross Murphin and Supryin M. Ray, Boston 2003. &lt;br&gt; Gero von Wilpert, ''Sachwörterbuch der Literatur'', 8. Auflage, Stuttgart, Kröner 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Epistolary_Novel&diff=4070 2010-01-20T13:03:42Z

<p>LEA: Created page with &#039;Epistolary Novel &lt;p&gt; Epistolary novels are novels written in the form of letters (Latin: epistula, ae = letter) &lt;br&gt; == Style == It very much emphasises the subjectivity of the…&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>Epistolary Novel &lt;p&gt; Epistolary novels are novels written in the form of letters (Latin: epistula, ae = letter) &lt;br&gt; <br /> == Style ==<br /> It very much emphasises the subjectivity of the character(s), which means it deals with a lot of sentiments, feelings and emotions – the interiority of the characters. Therefore, the expression of the inner feelings is the main action. &lt;br&gt; The 'plot' is either structured &quot;through an exchange of letters between multiple characters or through the correspondence of only one character&quot;. Special about the epistolary novel is the fact that neither the characters nor the reader know about the outcome of the action.<br /> These novels might also include extracts from the characters‘ journals, a preface and epilogue of a pretended editor to arouse the impression of authenticity and reality. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == Origin ==<br /> Epistolary novels derive from many different sources (e.g. love romances) but the main factor for their popularity in the 18th century was the sentimental stream of the enlightenment and the idea about letters in general. They were not seen as a private affair, as we regard them nowadays but were often read out to the whole family and other friends if it contained a very sentimental and emotional topic which was well expressed. Samuel Johnson, for example, published sample letters (Letter written to and for Particular Friends on Important occasions) to teach the way of how to write a letter properly. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == Examples ==<br /> Very popular English epistolary novels are ''Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded'' and ''Clarissa; or the story of a Young Lady'', both written by [[Samuel Johnson]]. On the continent, especially in Germany, epistolary novels became very popular after Goethe had written ''Die Leiden des jungen Werther''. They did also focus on the sentiment and the emotional struggles of the individiual in connection with society. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; <br /> == Sources ==<br /> The Oxford Concise Dictionary of Literary Terms, ed. by Chris Baldick, Oxford University Press, NY 2001. &lt;br&gt; The Bredford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms, 2nd edition, Ross Murphin and Supryin M. Ray, Boston 2003. &lt;br&gt; Gero von Wilpert, Sachwörterbuch der Literatur, 8. Auflage, Stuttgart, Kröner 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3738 2009-12-14T12:13:20Z

<p>LEA: /* Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from [[Roman Catholicism]] and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997. <br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3737 2009-12-14T12:13:13Z

<p>LEA: /* Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from [[Roman Catholicism]] and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> &lt;b&gt;''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997. <br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3736 2009-12-14T12:13:01Z

<p>LEA: /* Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from [[Roman Catholicism]] and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> &lt;p&gt;''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997. <br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3734 2009-12-14T12:12:48Z

<p>LEA: /* Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from [[Roman Catholicism]] and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997. <br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3732 2009-12-14T12:12:29Z

<p>LEA: /* Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from [[Roman Catholicism]] and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. &lt;b&gt; ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997. &lt;b&gt; Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3731 2009-12-14T12:11:49Z

<p>LEA: /* Sources */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from [[Roman Catholicism]] and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. &lt;b&gt;''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997. &lt;b&gt; Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3729 2009-12-14T12:11:16Z

<p>LEA: /* The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from [[Roman Catholicism]] and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.<br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3728 2009-12-14T12:11:01Z

<p>LEA: /* The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.<br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3727 2009-12-14T12:10:43Z

<p>LEA: /* The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII */</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by [[Henry VIII]] as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the [[Church of England]].&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spiritual 'vice-Regent'. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After [[Mary I]] had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen [[Elizabeth I]] in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral). Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.<br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3723 2009-12-14T12:08:56Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the Church of England.&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spirirual 'vice-Regent'. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After Mary I had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral. Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for people who act against the monarch. Most of all it shows the supremacy of the monarch but also the responsibility towards his/her function. <br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.<br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3718 2009-12-14T11:59:20Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the Church of England.&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spirirual 'vice-Regent'. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After Mary I had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral. Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for dissenters, mainly Catholics and people who act against the Supremacy, respectively the monarch.<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.<br /> Full text of Act of Supremacy online: http://history.hanover.edu/texts/engref/er79.html</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3715 2009-12-14T11:55:32Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the Church of England.&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spirirual 'vice-Regent'. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After Mary I had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral. Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for dissenters, mainly Catholics and people who act against the Supremacy, respectively the monarch.<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3713 2009-12-14T11:55:03Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the Church of England.&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spirirual 'vice-Regent'. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After Mary I had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral. Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for dissenters, mainly Catholics and people who act against the Supremacy, respectively the monarch.<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> The Oxford Companion to British History. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. <br /> The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3712 2009-12-14T11:53:56Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the Church of England.&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spirirual 'vice-Regent'. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After Mary I had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral. Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for dissenters, mainly Catholics and people who act against the Supremacy, respectively the monarch.<br /> <br /> == Headline text ==<br /> Sources &lt;b&gt; The Oxford Companion to British History. Edited by J. Cannon. Oxford University Press, 1992. &lt;p&gt; The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Edited by F.L. Cross. Oxford University Press, 1997.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Acts_of_Supremacy&diff=3708 2009-12-14T11:51:10Z

<p>LEA: Created page with &#039;== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII == The Act of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during t…&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>== The Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy was passed by Henry VIII as part of his break from Roman Catholicism and the Pope. It was announced in 1534 during the sixth session of the Reformation Parliament. It brought along a change in religious structures of hierarchy and made Henry as monarch &quot;the head on earth of the Church of England.&quot; &lt;br&gt; Therefore, Henry did not only have power over political decisions but also about &quot;all spiritual authority to reform abuses and correct doctrine.&quot; One year later, in 1635, he transferred this power to Thomas Cromwell, whom he made his spirirual 'vice-Regent'. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == The Act of Supremacy by Elizabeth I ==<br /> After Mary I had abolished the Act of Supremacy it was restored by Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. The revised form included, for example, the re-installment of elections of bishops by cougé d'élire (i.e. the 'permission to elect' a bishop given to the Dean or Chapter of a cathedral. Moreover, Elizabeth replaced the term of the monarch being &quot;Supreme Head and King&quot; and entitled herself to be the &quot;Supreme governor of this realm, and of all her highness's dominions and countries as well as in all spiritual and ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal.&quot; <br /> == Contents ==<br /> The Act of Supremacy includes the Oath of Allegiance and several punishments for dissenters, mainly Catholics and people who act against the Supremacy, respectively the monarch.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_England&diff=2253 2009-07-08T12:55:48Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt; The ‘Commonwealth of England’ “[t]ook its origins from a vote by the Rump Parliament on 4 January 1649, ‘That the people are, under God, the original of all just power’” (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Commonwealth was no longer reigned by a king since monarchy was abolished by the High Court of Justice and the [[House of Commons]] became the Parliament of England, since the [[House of Lords]] was abolished as well. &lt;br&gt; The Commonwealth was not only concerned with political issues but did also follow a certain religious belief. At that time “Roman [[Catholicism]] was an element of the feudal, hierarchical systems of medieval Europe and, particularly in England, a new class was emerging, managed by enterprise and endeavour, rather than birthright” (Bradford 9). &lt;br&gt; In 1653 Rump Parliament was expelled by [[Oliver Cromwell]], since its bills did not satisfy the army and it “gave way to the Cromwellian Protectorate” on 16 December of the same year (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Cromwellian republic was founded on the belief that the nation would organise itself not depending on a king but on its own conceptions of God’s will (Bradford 45). The ideal idea was to focus on the individuals of the country and to abandon [[absolutism]]. Unfortunately, “Cromwell himself, who had begun his political and military career as the representative of a collective endeavour, was becoming a dictator” (Bradford 45). &lt;br&gt; [[Richard Cromwell]] replaced his father after his death in 1658 but the nation would be determined by [[General George Monck]] who commanded the army at that time. In 1659 the Rump Parliament tried to gain power again but new quarrels between the officers of the army and the Rump “soon exposed the political bankruptcy of both” (Oxford Dictionary 165). &lt;br&gt; “In 1660 [[Charles II]], after twelve years of exile, rode into London as the new King” (Bradford 46). This event is the end of the Commonwealth and known as the [[Restoration]] of England. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sources and further reading ==<br /> The Oxford Dictionary of British History. Oxford, 2001. &lt;br&gt; Bradford, Richard. The Complete Critical Guide to John Milton. Routledge, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_England&diff=2252 2009-07-08T12:55:30Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;p&gt; The ‘Commonwealth of England’ “[t]ook its origins from a vote by the Rump Parliament on 4 January 1649, ‘That the people are, under God, the original of all just power’” (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Commonwealth was no longer reigned by a king since monarchy was abolished by the High Court of Justice and the [[House of Commons]] became the Parliament of England, since the [[House of Lords]] was abolished as well. &lt;br&gt; The Commonwealth was not only concerned with political issues but did also follow a certain religious belief. At that time “Roman [[Catholicism]] was an element of the feudal, hierarchical systems of medieval Europe and, particularly in England, a new class was emerging, managed by enterprise and endeavour, rather than birthright” (Bradford 9). &lt;br&gt; In 1653 Rump Parliament was expelled by [[Oliver Cromwell]], since its bills did not satisfy the army and it “gave way to the Cromwellian Protectorate” on 16 December of the same year (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Cromwellian republic was founded on the belief that the nation would organise itself not depending on a king but on its own conceptions of God’s will (Bradford 45). The ideal idea was to focus on the individuals of the country and to abandon [[absolutism]]. Unfortunately, “Cromwell himself, who had begun his political and military career as the representative of a collective endeavour, was becoming a dictator” (Bradford 45). &lt;br&gt; [[Richard Cromwell]] replaced his father after his death in 1658 but the nation would be determined by [[General George Monck]] who commanded the army at that time. In 1659 the Rump Parliament tried to gain power again but new quarrels between the officers of the army and the Rump “soon exposed the political bankruptcy of both” (Oxford Dictionary 165). &lt;br&gt; “In 1660 [[Charles II]], after twelve years of exile, rode into London as the new King” (Bradford 46). This event is the end of the Commonwealth and known as the [[Restoration]] of England. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == '''Sources and further reading''' ==<br /> The Oxford Dictionary of British History. Oxford, 2001. &lt;br&gt; Bradford, Richard. The Complete Critical Guide to John Milton. Routledge, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_England&diff=2251 2009-07-08T12:55:12Z

<p>LEA: /* Commonwealth */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt; The ‘Commonwealth of England’ “[t]ook its origins from a vote by the Rump Parliament on 4 January 1649, ‘That the people are, under God, the original of all just power’” (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Commonwealth was no longer reigned by a king since monarchy was abolished by the High Court of Justice and the [[House of Commons]] became the Parliament of England, since the [[House of Lords]] was abolished as well. &lt;br&gt; The Commonwealth was not only concerned with political issues but did also follow a certain religious belief. At that time “Roman [[Catholicism]] was an element of the feudal, hierarchical systems of medieval Europe and, particularly in England, a new class was emerging, managed by enterprise and endeavour, rather than birthright” (Bradford 9). &lt;br&gt; In 1653 Rump Parliament was expelled by [[Oliver Cromwell]], since its bills did not satisfy the army and it “gave way to the Cromwellian Protectorate” on 16 December of the same year (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Cromwellian republic was founded on the belief that the nation would organise itself not depending on a king but on its own conceptions of God’s will (Bradford 45). The ideal idea was to focus on the individuals of the country and to abandon [[absolutism]]. Unfortunately, “Cromwell himself, who had begun his political and military career as the representative of a collective endeavour, was becoming a dictator” (Bradford 45). &lt;br&gt; [[Richard Cromwell]] replaced his father after his death in 1658 but the nation would be determined by [[General George Monck]] who commanded the army at that time. In 1659 the Rump Parliament tried to gain power again but new quarrels between the officers of the army and the Rump “soon exposed the political bankruptcy of both” (Oxford Dictionary 165). &lt;br&gt; “In 1660 [[Charles II]], after twelve years of exile, rode into London as the new King” (Bradford 46). This event is the end of the Commonwealth and known as the [[Restoration]] of England. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == '''Sources and further reading''' ==<br /> The Oxford Dictionary of British History. Oxford, 2001. &lt;br&gt; Bradford, Richard. The Complete Critical Guide to John Milton. Routledge, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_England&diff=2250 2009-07-08T12:54:55Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == '''Commonwealth''' ==<br /> <br /> &lt;p&gt; The ‘Commonwealth of England’ “[t]ook its origins from a vote by the Rump Parliament on 4 January 1649, ‘That the people are, under God, the original of all just power’” (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Commonwealth was no longer reigned by a king since monarchy was abolished by the High Court of Justice and the [[House of Commons]] became the Parliament of England, since the [[House of Lords]] was abolished as well. &lt;br&gt; The Commonwealth was not only concerned with political issues but did also follow a certain religious belief. At that time “Roman [[Catholicism]] was an element of the feudal, hierarchical systems of medieval Europe and, particularly in England, a new class was emerging, managed by enterprise and endeavour, rather than birthright” (Bradford 9). &lt;br&gt; In 1653 Rump Parliament was expelled by [[Oliver Cromwell]], since its bills did not satisfy the army and it “gave way to the Cromwellian Protectorate” on 16 December of the same year (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Cromwellian republic was founded on the belief that the nation would organise itself not depending on a king but on its own conceptions of God’s will (Bradford 45). The ideal idea was to focus on the individuals of the country and to abandon [[absolutism]]. Unfortunately, “Cromwell himself, who had begun his political and military career as the representative of a collective endeavour, was becoming a dictator” (Bradford 45). &lt;br&gt; [[Richard Cromwell]] replaced his father after his death in 1658 but the nation would be determined by [[General George Monck]] who commanded the army at that time. In 1659 the Rump Parliament tried to gain power again but new quarrels between the officers of the army and the Rump “soon exposed the political bankruptcy of both” (Oxford Dictionary 165). &lt;br&gt; “In 1660 [[Charles II]], after twelve years of exile, rode into London as the new King” (Bradford 46). This event is the end of the Commonwealth and known as the [[Restoration]] of England. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == '''Sources and further reading''' ==<br /> The Oxford Dictionary of British History. Oxford, 2001. &lt;br&gt; Bradford, Richard. The Complete Critical Guide to John Milton. Routledge, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_England&diff=2249 2009-07-08T12:53:59Z

<p>LEA: /* Commonwealth */</p> <hr /> <div>'''== Commonwealth =='''<br /> &lt;p&gt; The ‘Commonwealth of England’ “[t]ook its origins from a vote by the Rump Parliament on 4 January 1649, ‘That the people are, under God, the original of all just power’” (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Commonwealth was no longer reigned by a king since monarchy was abolished by the High Court of Justice and the [[House of Commons]] became the Parliament of England, since the [[House of Lords]] was abolished as well. &lt;br&gt; The Commonwealth was not only concerned with political issues but did also follow a certain religious belief. At that time “Roman [[Catholicism]] was an element of the feudal, hierarchical systems of medieval Europe and, particularly in England, a new class was emerging, managed by enterprise and endeavour, rather than birthright” (Bradford 9). &lt;br&gt; In 1653 Rump Parliament was expelled by [[Oliver Cromwell]], since its bills did not satisfy the army and it “gave way to the Cromwellian Protectorate” on 16 December of the same year (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Cromwellian republic was founded on the belief that the nation would organise itself not depending on a king but on its own conceptions of God’s will (Bradford 45). The ideal idea was to focus on the individuals of the country and to abandon [[absolutism]]. Unfortunately, “Cromwell himself, who had begun his political and military career as the representative of a collective endeavour, was becoming a dictator” (Bradford 45). &lt;br&gt; [[Richard Cromwell]] replaced his father after his death in 1658 but the nation would be determined by [[General George Monck]] who commanded the army at that time. In 1659 the Rump Parliament tried to gain power again but new quarrels between the officers of the army and the Rump “soon exposed the political bankruptcy of both” (Oxford Dictionary 165). &lt;br&gt; “In 1660 [[Charles II]], after twelve years of exile, rode into London as the new King” (Bradford 46). This event is the end of the Commonwealth and known as the [[Restoration]] of England. &lt;p&gt;<br /> <br /> == '''Sources and further reading''' ==<br /> The Oxford Dictionary of British History. Oxford, 2001. &lt;br&gt; Bradford, Richard. The Complete Critical Guide to John Milton. Routledge, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_England&diff=2248 2009-07-08T12:53:16Z

<p>LEA: Created page with &#039;== Commonwealth == &lt;p&gt; The ‘Commonwealth of England’ “[t]ook its origins from a vote by the Rump Parliament on 4 January 1649, ‘That the people are, under God, the origi…&#039;</p> <hr /> <div>== Commonwealth ==<br /> &lt;p&gt; The ‘Commonwealth of England’ “[t]ook its origins from a vote by the Rump Parliament on 4 January 1649, ‘That the people are, under God, the original of all just power’” (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Commonwealth was no longer reigned by a king since monarchy was abolished by the High Court of Justice and the [[House of Commons]] became the Parliament of England, since the [[House of Lords]] was abolished as well. &lt;br&gt; The Commonwealth was not only concerned with political issues but did also follow a certain religious belief. At that time “Roman [[Catholicism]] was an element of the feudal, hierarchical systems of medieval Europe and, particularly in England, a new class was emerging, managed by enterprise and endeavour, rather than birthright” (Bradford 9). &lt;br&gt; In 1653 Rump Parliament was expelled by [[Oliver Cromwell]], since its bills did not satisfy the army and it “gave way to the Cromwellian Protectorate” on 16 December of the same year (Oxford Dictionary 165). The Cromwellian republic was founded on the belief that the nation would organise itself not depending on a king but on its own conceptions of God’s will (Bradford 45). The ideal idea was to focus on the individuals of the country and to abandon [[absolutism]]. Unfortunately, “Cromwell himself, who had begun his political and military career as the representative of a collective endeavour, was becoming a dictator” (Bradford 45). &lt;br&gt; [[Richard Cromwell]] replaced his father after his death in 1658 but the nation would be determined by [[General George Monck]] who commanded the army at that time. In 1659 the Rump Parliament tried to gain power again but new quarrels between the officers of the army and the Rump “soon exposed the political bankruptcy of both” (Oxford Dictionary 165). &lt;br&gt; “In 1660 [[Charles II]], after twelve years of exile, rode into London as the new King” (Bradford 46). This event is the end of the Commonwealth and known as the [[Restoration]] of England. &lt;p&gt; <br /> == '''Sources and further reading''' ==<br /> The Oxford Dictionary of British History. Oxford, 2001. &lt;br&gt; Bradford, Richard. The Complete Critical Guide to John Milton. Routledge, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&diff=1832 2009-05-20T10:06:13Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>Got her Head Chopped Off in 1587. Also title of a play by Scottish playwright Liz Lochhead.<br /> <br /> Mary, Queen of Scots &lt;p&gt; Mary was born in 1542 and died in 1587. &lt;br&gt; She was an heir to James V and inherited the throne on December 14, 1542, when she was only six days old. &lt;br&gt; In 1548 she was sent to France to live at the court of Henry II of France and was betrothed to the Dauphin, Francis, whom she married in 1558. When Henry II died, Mary and Francis reigned over France and Scotland but they were also interested in England and Ireland. &lt;br&gt; Francis died on December 5, 1560, the couple was childless. Due to a contract made with Henry before her marriage, Mary could to stay in France or go back to Scotland. She decided to go back to her home country Scotland in August, 1561. &lt;br&gt; She married again, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley who was a Catholic but later allied with the Protestants. Mary and Henry are the parents of James VI of Scotland, who later became James I of England. On February 10, 1567 Darnley was murdered and only a few months later Mary married Francis Stewart Earl of Bothwell. That is one of the reasons why Mary was accused to be a member of the murderers of Darnley and forced to abdicate. The tension between Mary’s supporters and enemies rose and on May 2, 1568 after Mary had been captured for about one year at Lochleven Castle; she could escape and joined forces with the Hamilton family in the West. She decided to appeal to Elizabeth I, her cousin, Queen of England. She would never see Scotland again. &lt;br&gt; Since Elizabeth was childless and she could also imagine that Mary’s son James could become her heir as well, she considered Mary, being the closest Catholic claimant to the English throne, as some kind of danger to her own power. Elizabeth kept Mary as a prisoner although at this time the claim that Mary was one of the murderers of Darnley revealed some counter evidences. &lt;br&gt; There could also be some evidence in the so-called Casket Letters, letters written between Mary and Bothwell but it is unclear whether they really existed and if yes, what was written in them because the originals are not extent and only some translated copies exist today. &lt;br&gt; During her last years she was probably last kept at Fotheringhay Castle, where she was also executed in 1587. There are also some juicy facts known about her execution: the executioner was not able to cut her head off at the first blow, so he had to try it with a second one. When he wanted to show the head to the audience he was only carrying Mary’s wig, her head still lying on the ground. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Sources: &lt;br&gt; Cannon, John Ashton. ''The Oxford Companion to British History''. Oxford, 1997. &lt;br&gt; MacKay, James. ''In My End is My Beginning - A Life of Mary Queen of Scots''. Edinburgh, 2000. &lt;br&gt; http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/scots_mary_queen_of.shtml &lt;br&gt; Wormald, Jenny. ''Mary, Queen of Scots. Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost''. London and New York, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&diff=1831 2009-05-20T10:04:58Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>Got her Head Chopped Off in 1587. Also title of a play by Scottish playwright Liz Lochhead.<br /> <br /> Mary, Queen of Scots &lt;p&gt; Mary was born in 1542 and died in 1587. &lt;br&gt; She was an heir to James V and inherited the throne on December 14, 1542, when she was only six days old. &lt;br&gt; In 1548 she was sent to France to live at the court of Henry II of France and was betrothed to the Dauphin, Francis, whom she married in 1558. When Henry II died, Mary and Francis reigned over France and Scotland but they were also interested in England and Ireland. &lt;br&gt; Francis died on December 5, 1560, the couple was childless. Due to a contract made with Henry before her marriage, Mary could to stay in France or go back to Scotland. She decided to go back to her home country Scotland in August, 1561. &lt;br&gt; She married again, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley who was a Catholic but later allied with the Protestants. Mary and Henry are the parents of James VI of Scotland, who later became James I of England. On February 10, 1567 Darnley was murdered and only a few months later Mary married Francis Stewart Earl of Bothwell. That is one of the reasons why Mary was accused to be a member of the murderers of Darnley and forced to abdicate. The tension between Mary’s supporters and enemies rose and on May 2, 1568 after Mary had been captured for about one year at Lochleven Castle; she could escape and joined forces with the Hamilton family in the West. She decided to appeal to Elizabeth I, her cousin, Queen of England. She would never see Scotland again. &lt;br&gt; Since Elizabeth was childless and she could also imagine that Mary’s son James could become her heir as well, she considered Mary, being the closest Catholic claimant to the English throne, as some kind of danger to her own power. Elizabeth kept Mary as a prisoner although at this time the claim that Mary was one of the murderers of Darnley revealed some counter evidences. &lt;br&gt; There could also be some evidence in the so-called Casket Letters, letters written between Mary and Bothwell but it is unclear whether they really existed and if yes, what was written in them because the originals are not extent and only some translated copies exist today. &lt;br&gt; During her last years she was probably last kept at Fotheringhay Castle, where she was also executed in 1587. There are also some juicy facts known about her execution: the executioner was not able to cut her head off at the first blow, so he had to try it with a second one. When he wanted to show the head to the audience he was only carrying Mary’s wig, her head still lying on the ground. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Sources: &lt;br&gt; Cannon, John Ashton. ''Italic text'' The Oxford Companion to British History ''Italic text''. Oxford, 1997. &lt;br&gt; MacKay, James. ''Italic text'' In My End is My Beginning - A Life of Mary Queen of Scots. ''Italic text''. Edinburgh, 2000. &lt;br&gt; http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/scots_mary_queen_of.shtml &lt;br&gt; Wormald, Jenny. ''Italic text'' Mary, Queen of Scots. Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost ''Italic text''. London and New York, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Mary,_Queen_of_Scots&diff=1830 2009-05-20T10:04:13Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>Got her Head Chopped Off in 1587. Also title of a play by Scottish playwright Liz Lochhead.<br /> <br /> Mary, Queen of Scots &lt;p&gt; Mary was born in 1542 and died in 1587. &lt;br&gt; She was an heir to James V and inherited the throne on December 14, 1542, when she was only six days old. &lt;br&gt; In 1548 she was sent to France to live at the court of Henry II of France and was betrothed to the Dauphin, Francis, whom she married in 1558. When Henry II died, Mary and Francis reigned over France and Scotland but they were also interested in England and Ireland. &lt;br&gt; Francis died on December 5, 1560, the couple was childless. Due to a contract made with Henry before her marriage, Mary could to stay in France or go back to Scotland. She decided to go back to her home country Scotland in August, 1561. &lt;br&gt; She married again, Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley who was a Catholic but later allied with the Protestants. Mary and Henry are the parents of James VI of Scotland, who later became James I of England. On February 10, 1567 Darnley was murdered and only a few months later Mary married Francis Stewart Earl of Bothwell. That is one of the reasons why Mary was accused to be a member of the murderers of Darnley and forced to abdicate. The tension between Mary’s supporters and enemies rose and on May 2, 1568 after Mary had been captured for about one year at Lochleven Castle; she could escape and joined forces with the Hamilton family in the West. She decided to appeal to Elizabeth I, her cousin, Queen of England. She would never see Scotland again. &lt;br&gt; Since Elizabeth was childless and she could also imagine that Mary’s son James could become her heir as well, she considered Mary, being the closest Catholic claimant to the English throne, as some kind of danger to her own power. Elizabeth kept Mary as a prisoner although at this time the claim that Mary was one of the murderers of Darnley revealed some counter evidences. &lt;br&gt; There could also be some evidence in the so-called Casket Letters, letters written between Mary and Bothwell but it is unclear whether they really existed and if yes, what was written in them because the originals are not extent and only some translated copies exist today. &lt;br&gt; During her last years she was probably last kept at Fotheringhay Castle, where she was also executed in 1587. There are also some juicy facts known about her execution: the executioner was not able to cut her head off at the first blow, so he had to try it with a second one. When he wanted to show the head to the audience he was only carrying Mary’s wig, her head still lying on the ground. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Sources: &lt;br&gt; Cannon, John Ashton. ''Italic text''The Oxford Companion to British History''Italic text''. Oxford, 1997. &lt;br&gt; MacKay, James. ''Italic text''In My End is My Beginning - A Life of Mary Queen of Scots.''Italic text''. Edinburgh, 2000. &lt;br&gt; http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/scots_mary_queen_of.shtml &lt;br&gt; Wormald, Jenny. ''Italic text''Mary, Queen of Scots. Politics, Passion and a Kingdom Lost''Italic text''. London and New York, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=John_Milton&diff=1734 2009-05-01T14:49:03Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>John Milton, an author and active member of the Cromwellian Government, was born on December 9, 1608. Most of his works and deeds are related to the time of the Commonwealth and the Restoration of England. &lt;br&gt; He was educated by a private tutor, Thomas Young, from 1618 to 1620 and went to St. Paul’s School until he matriculated at Christ’s College (Cambridge) in 1625. “Milton’s father recognized and encouraged his son’s talents as an intellectual and poet, assuring him an excellent education destined to prepare him for a career in the church”. [[1]] Although he did not start such a career his belief would influence the actions and literary productions of his later life. &lt;br&gt; Due to the ongoing conflicts between members of the Anglo-Catholic Church and the Protestants/Calvinists, Milton went to Europe. He went to France, Italy and Geneva. He was influenced by the Renaissance culture and “[t]here he met and charmed the last remnants of the high Renaissance […] He also met Galileo and, in Naples, Giovanni Battista Manso, a patron of the great sixteenth-century Italian poet Torquato Tasso”. [[2]] He went back to London in 1639. &lt;br&gt; During the Civil War pamphleteering became very popular and Milton was one of the most active pamphleteers, he wrote, for example, ''Of Reformation. Touching Church Discipline.'' (1641); ''Of Education'' (1644). Milton wanted England to be “a Christian, Protestant recreation of the Athenian and Roman states [based on] woship, labour, sports and intellect […]”. [[3]] For him education was a possibility to repair man’s relationship with God but most of all he wished for a united country with “a collective sense of identity”. [[4]] &lt;br&gt; In 1642 he married Mary Powell. The relationship did not work very well, Mary had a completely different attitude towards life. She was not interested in literature and she did not regard her religion as an intellectual part of her life. She fled back to her parents and the couple “would not meet again until […] the defeat of the King”. [[5]] During these times, Milton did also write another pamphlet called ''The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce'' (1643). For Milton marriage was not only a sexual coming together but also a meeting of minds and sharing of the same thoughts and beliefs. For him love between man and woman equals God’s love for man and if it is absent it is a form of atheism. &lt;br&gt; Mary and John Milton reconciled in 1645/1646 and had 4 children together: Anne (1646), Mary (1648), John (1651) and Deborah (1652). Two days after the birth of their last daughter, his wife Mary died. That is the same year in which Milton went blind. &lt;br&gt; “The trial of Charles I drew Milton back into […] political and religious debates”. [[6]] ''The tenure of Kings and Magistrates'' (1649) was a justification for regicide, Milton became the official spokesman of the Cromwellian Government and in 1649 the Government gave him a house near Westminster and some scribes to continue his political writing. &lt;br&gt; After the death of Oliver Cromwell and the return of Charles II Milton had to go into hiding. He was imprisoned but soon released again since his brother had connections to the Royalist’s party. In 1663 he married again, Elizabeth Minshull, and during the Great Fire of London (1666) he lost Bread Street, the only property that was left. In 1667 he published ''Paradise Lost'', in 1671 he wrote ''Paradise Regained''. &lt;br&gt; Milton died between the 8th and 10th of November in 1674. [[7]] &lt;p&gt;[[ 1]] Susanne Woods: “Introduction”. ''Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained''. Christopher Ricks, John Hollander. New York 2001, p. vii. &lt;br&gt; [[2]] ibid., p. viii f. &lt;br&gt; [[3]] Bradford, Richard: ''The complete critical Guide to John Milton'', p. 28. &lt;br&gt; [[4]] Ibid., p. 28 &lt;br&gt; [[5]] Ibid., p. 31. &lt;br&gt; [[6]] Ibid., p. 36. &lt;br&gt; [[7]] All additional information, which is not quoted is taken from the same sources: Bradford, Richard: ''The complete critical Guide to John Milton'' and Susanne Woods in: &quot;Introduction&quot;. ''Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained''. Christopher Ricks, John Hollander. New York 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=John_Milton&diff=1733 2009-05-01T14:46:04Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>John Milton, an author and active member of the Cromwellian Government, was born on December 9, 1608. Most of his works and deeds are related to the time of the Commonwealth and the Restoration of England. &lt;br&gt; He was educated by a private tutor, Thomas Young, from 1618 to 1620 and went to St. Paul’s School until he matriculated at Christ’s College (Cambridge) in 1625. “Milton’s father recognized and encouraged his son’s talents as an intellectual and poet, assuring him an excellent education destined to prepare him for a career in the church”. [[1]] Although he did not start such a career his belief would influence the actions and literary productions of his later life. &lt;br&gt; Due to the ongoing conflicts between members of the Anglo-Catholic Church and the Protestants/Calvinists, Milton went to Europe. He went to France, Italy and Geneva. He was influenced by the Renaissance culture and “[t]here he met and charmed the last remnants of the high Renaissance […] He also met Galileo and, in Naples, Giovanni Battista Manso, a patron of the great sixteenth-century Italian poet Torquato Tasso”. [[2]] He went back to London in 1639. &lt;br&gt; During the Civil War pamphleteering became very popular and Milton was one of the most active pamphleteers, he wrote, for example, ''Of Reformation. Touching Church Discipline.'' (1641); ''Of Education'' (1644). Milton wanted England to be “a Christian, Protestant recreation of the Athenian and Roman states [based on] woship, labour, sports and intellect […]”. [[3]] For him education was a possibility to repair man’s relationship with God but most of all he wished for a united country with “a collective sense of identity”. [[4]] &lt;br&gt; In 1642 he married Mary Powell. The relationship did not work very well, Mary had a completely different attitude towards life. She was not interested in literature and she did not regard her religion as an intellectual part of her life. She fled back to her parents and the couple “would not meet again until […] the defeat of the King”. [[5]] During these times, Milton did also write another pamphlet called ''The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce'' (1643). For Milton marriage was not only a sexual coming together but also a meeting of minds and sharing of the same thoughts and beliefs. For him love between man and woman equals God’s love for man and if it is absent it is a form of atheism. &lt;br&gt; Mary and John Milton reconciled in 1645/1646 and had 4 children together: Anne (1646), Mary (1648), John (1651) and Deborah (1652). Two days after the birth of their last daughter, his wife Mary died. That is the same year in which Milton went blind. &lt;br&gt; “The trial of Charles I drew Milton back into […] political and religious debates”. [[6]] ''The tenure of Kings and Magistrates'' (1649) was a justification for regicide, Milton became the official spokesman of the Cromwellian Government and in 1649 the Government gave him a house near Westminster and some scribes to continue his political writing. &lt;br&gt; After the death of Oliver Cromwell and the return of Charles II Milton had to go into hiding. He was imprisoned but soon released again since his brother had connections to the Royalist’s party. In 1663 he married again, Elizabeth Minshull, and during the Great Fire of London (1666) he lost Bread Street, the only property that was left. In 1667 he published ''Paradise Lost'', in 1671 he wrote ''Paradise Regained''. &lt;br&gt; Milton died between the 8th and 10th of November in 1674. [[7]] &lt;p&gt;[[ 1]] Susanne Woods: “Introduction”. Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Christopher Ricks, John Hollander. New York 2001, p. vii. &lt;br&gt; [[2]] ibid., p. viii f. &lt;br&gt; [[3]] Bradford, Richard: The complete critical Guide to John Milton, p. 28. &lt;br&gt; [[4]] Ibid., p. 28 &lt;br&gt; [[5]] Ibid., p. 31. &lt;br&gt; [[6]] Ibid., p. 36. &lt;br&gt; [[7]] All additional information, which is not quoted is taken from the same sources: Bradford, Richard: The complete critical Guide to John Milton and Susanne Woods in: Introduction to Paradise Lost. Penguin, 2001.</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=1732 2009-05-01T14:18:27Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;!-- Please leave the following lines alone, as they are the introduction of the Sandbox page --&gt;<br /> Welcome to the Sandbox.&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> This page allows you to carry out experiments.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Click on &quot;edit&quot; above to make changes to this page, then click on &quot;Save Page&quot; to see the results.<br /> See &quot;Help&quot; for information on commands.<br /> ----<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Room for experiments below this line --&gt;<br /> Test<br /> <br /> '''Test'''<br /> ''Hello''<br /> <br /> test &lt;br&gt; test</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=1731 2009-05-01T14:17:46Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;!-- Please leave the following lines alone, as they are the introduction of the Sandbox page --&gt;<br /> Welcome to the Sandbox.&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> This page allows you to carry out experiments.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Click on &quot;edit&quot; above to make changes to this page, then click on &quot;Save Page&quot; to see the results.<br /> See &quot;Help&quot; for information on commands.<br /> ----<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Room for experiments below this line --&gt;<br /> Test<br /> <br /> '''Test'''<br /> ''Hello''<br /> <br /> '''test'''<br /> '''test'''</div>

LEA https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Sandbox&diff=1730 2009-05-01T14:17:17Z

<p>LEA: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;!-- Please leave the following lines alone, as they are the introduction of the Sandbox page --&gt;<br /> Welcome to the Sandbox.&lt;br&gt;<br /> <br /> This page allows you to carry out experiments.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Click on &quot;edit&quot; above to make changes to this page, then click on &quot;Save Page&quot; to see the results.<br /> See &quot;Help&quot; for information on commands.<br /> ----<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Room for experiments below this line --&gt;<br /> Test<br /> <br /> '''Test'''<br /> ''Hello''<br /> <br /> test<br /> test</div>

LEA