British Culture - User contributions [en]

User:Maxi

2009-07-20T17:28:06Z

Maxi: /* I started... */

Me is Maxi Brand.

==Contributions==

===I started...===
* [[Church of England]]
* [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]] (merged into [[St Paul's Cathedral]])
* [[Colley Cibber]]

Colley Cibber

2009-07-20T17:27:26Z

Maxi: created

'''Colley Cibber''' was an important Restoration actor, playwright, theatre manager and [[Poet Laureate|poet laureate]] under King [[George II]]. He was famous for creating the roles of [[fop]]s. His conflict with [[Alexander Pope]], who portrayed him as asycophantic dunce, is well known.

==Life==
Cibber was born in 1671 in London. At the age of 19 he became an actor at [[Drury Lane]], under [[Christopher Rich]], who only three years later, in 1693, merged the two companies (the [[Duke's company]] and [[King's company]]) to form the [[United Company]]. In 1693 Cibber married Katherine Shore. Disappointed by a lack of roles that were to his taste, in 1696 he wrote ''Love's Last Shift'', a comedy in which he played a [[fop]] with the telling name "Sir Novelty Fashion". The play became a big hit and made his name both as a playwright and as an actor. In 1699 he adapted Shakespeare's ''Richard III'', which again was performed to much acclaim. But perhaps his greatest success was ''The Careless Husband'' of 1704, which tells the story of an unfaithful husband and his tolerant wife.

In 1710, Cibber, together with fellow actors [[Thomas Dogget]] and [[Robert Wilks]], bought the United Company, and from thereon served as manager. This position enabled him to cast himself into just the roles he liked. In 1730 Cibber was appointed [[Poet Laureate]], even though even he himself didn't think his verse was good enough. This also was one of the reasons for Pope's derision of him.

==Conflict with Pope==
[[Alexander Pope]] thought very lowly of Colley Cibber and was outraged when he was appointed Poet Laureate. In 1728 he wrote [[the Dunciad]], a mock-epic about the plans of Dullness, the goddess of stupidity, to expand her powers by way of the Dunces. One of the Dunces was Colley Cibber, even so mentioned by name. Pope continued to mock him, and in 1742 Cibber wrote ''A Letter from Mr. Cibber, to Mr. Pope, inquiring into the motives that might induce him in his Satyrical Works, to be so frequently fond of Mr. Cibber's name''. Pope answered by writing a new version of the Dunciad, which painted Cibber in an even worse light.

==Plays==

#''Love's Last Shift''
#''Woman's Wit''
#''Xerxes''
#''Richard III''
#''Love Makes a Man''
#''The School Boy''
#''She Would and She Would Not''
#''The Careless Husband''
#''Perolla and Izadora''
#''The Comical Lovers''
#''The Double Gallant''
#''The Lady's Last Stake''
#''The Rival Fools''
#''The Rival Queans''
#''Ximena''
#''Venus and Adonis''
#''Bulls and Bears''
#''The Nonjuror''
#''The Refusal''
#''Cæsar in Egypt''
#''The Provoked Husband''
#''Love in a Riddle''
#''Damon and Phillida''
#''Papal Tyranny in the Reign of King John''

==Autobiography==
In 1740, Cibber wrote ''An Apology for the Life of Mr. Colley Cibber'', his autobiography. It pioneered a new type of autobiography, moving away from a distant description to a more involved author. His work is particularly interesting for its descriptions of theatre life in the late Restoration and early Georgian periods.

==References and Further Reading==
* Barker, R. H. ''Mr Cibber of Drury Lane''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939.
* Lowe, Robert (ed). ''An Apology for the Life of Mr. Colley Cibber.''. New York: AMS Press, 1966.
* Owen, Susan. ''Perspectives on Restoration drama.'' Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.
* MacLean, Gerald (ed). ''Culture and society in the Stuart Restoration - literature, drama, history.'' Cambridge: CUP, 1995.
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain.'' Malden: Blackwell, 2003.

===Links===
* [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Cib1Apo.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=all ''An Apology for the Life of Colley Cibber'', vol.1] and [http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Cib2Apo.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=all vol 2]
* [http://www.theatrehistory.com/british/cibber001.html Biography on theatrehistory.com]
* [http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/the-blind-boy/ The Blind Boy, a poem by Colley Cibber]

User talk:Eikelmannj

2009-07-15T19:21:25Z

Maxi: Created page with 'Hallo Jaqueline, ich wollte Dich nur kurz informieren, dass ich deinen Artikel überarbeitet habe, indem ich meinen eingefügt habe. War den vorgeschlagenen Themen von Wiki ge…'

Hallo Jaqueline,

ich wollte Dich nur kurz informieren, dass ich deinen Artikel überarbeitet habe, indem ich meinen eingefügt habe.
War den vorgeschlagenen Themen von Wiki gefolgt, laut denen es noch keinen Artikel zu St Paul's gab.
Die E-tutors haben mich dann gebeten unsere Artikel verbinde, damit ich die Credits kriege.
Du behälts deine Credits natürlich!!!!

Liebe Grüße
[[User:Maxi|Maxi]]

User:Maxi

2009-07-15T19:17:08Z

Maxi:

Me is Maxi Brand.

==Contributions==

===I started...===
* [[Church of England]]
* [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]] (merged into [[St Paul's Cathedral]])

User:Maxi

2009-07-15T19:14:44Z

Maxi:

Me is Maxi Brand.

==Contributions==

===I started...===
* [[Church of England]]
* [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]] (merged into [[St Paul’s Cathedral]])

St Paul's Cathedral

2009-07-15T19:13:25Z

Maxi:

'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. It is an [[Anglican]] church rebuilt in the neoclassical style by [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] from 1677-1708. Situated in the [[City of London]] it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London and therefore is the seat of the Bishop of London.

==History==

The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place.
The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there.

===Middle Ages===

In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.
He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London.
This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later.

Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it.

After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.

===Reformation and Changes===

Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat & fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders.
At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters.

In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar.
The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports.

=== Stuart Age===

Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair.
Thus, [[Charles I]] tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement [[Inigo Jones]], the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the [[Civil War]] the operations came to a standstill again.

[[Cromwell]] used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies.

===The Great Fire of London 1666===

Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. Its wooden roof was one of the main reasons for its burning down.

==Wren's Masterpiece==

Two years after the Great Fire Sir [[Christopher Wren]] was chosen to design the new structure of the church.
Out of different attempts his Greek Cross design was chosen. The influence of the [[Renaissance]] is distinctive, but also [[gothic]] features are respected. He started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. St Paul's Cathedral was the first church to be built by just one architect and to be finished during his lifetime. In contrast to Old St Paul's the new cathedral is made out of brick and stone. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted.

During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New [[Globe Theatre]] in Southwark.
He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola.
Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral.

==Architecture==

The cathedral clearly shows the influences from [[France]] and mainly Italy. Wren combined clear symmetry and order with ornamentation which shows his synthesis of [[baroque]] and [[neoclassical]] styles. This can clearly be seen in the Western facade. The portico is inspired by Greek and Roman temples. The towers on each side of the portico stand for the pomp and elegance of baroque architecture, and give the impression of massive stability. This conjunction projects a dynamic feeling of movement.
From the inside the combination of paintings, sculptures and architecture, in case of a mass even music, creates a [[Gesamtkunstwerk]], which according to John Evelyn "strikes the understanding as well as the eye with […] majesty and solemn greatness" (quoted in Briggs 168).

The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. The cross on top is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons. The dome is a triple structure: While both the lead-covered outer and the decoratively painted inner dome are very lightweight, the middle structure is built of bricks, holding the weight of the lantern, the golden cross, as well as the domes themselves.

[[James II]] called the cathedral:"amusing, awful, and artificial", which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.

==Trivia==

In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.

==Tombs in St Paul's==

* Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)
* Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)
* Charles George Gordon
* William Holman Hunt (crypt)
* Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)
* John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)
* Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)
* Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)
* Sir [[Philip Sidney]] (crypt)
* Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)
* Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)
* John Weldon (old cathedral)
* Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)
* Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)
* Sir [[Christopher Wren]] (crypt)

Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.

==References and Further Reading==
* Stevenson, Neil. ''Annotated Guides - Architecture''. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2006.
* Lang, Jane. ''Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.
* Matthews, Walter Robert. ''A history of St. Paul's Cathedral and the men associated with it.'' London: Baker, 1964.
* Michael Maurer. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Englands.''Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain.'' Malden: Blackwell, 2003.
* Briggs, Asa. ''A Social History of England.'' Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999.
* Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).

===Links===
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm St Ethelbert]
* [http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History St Paul's Cathedral website]
* [http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm St Paul's Cathedral on archinform.net]

St Paul's Cathedral

2009-07-15T19:10:46Z

Maxi: added the information from my article "St. Paul’s Cathedral" as told in your email

'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. It is an [[Anglican]] church rebuilt in the neoclassical style by [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] from 1677-1708. Situated in the [[City of London]] it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London and therefore is the seat of the Bishop of London.

==History==

The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place.
The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there.

===Middle Ages===

In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.
He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London.
This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later.

Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it.

After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.

===Reformation and Changes===

Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat & fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders.
At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters.

In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar.
The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports.

=== Stuart Age===

Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair.
Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement Inigo Jones, the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again.

Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies.

===The Great Fire of London 1666===

Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. Its wooden roof was one of the main reasons for its burning down.

==Wren's Masterpiece==

Two years after the Great Fire Sir [[Christopher Wren]] was chosen to design the new structure of the church.
Out of different attempts his Greek Cross design was chosen. The influence of the [[Renaissance]] is distinctive, but also [[gothic]] features are respected. He started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. St Paul's Cathedral was the first church to be built by just one architect and to be finished during his lifetime. In contrast to Old St Paul's the new cathedral is made out of brick and stone. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted.

During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark.
He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola.
Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral.

==Architecture==

The cathedral clearly shows the influences from [[France]] and mainly Italy. Wren combined clear symmetry and order with ornamentation which shows his synthesis of [[baroque]] and [[neoclassical]] styles. This can clearly be seen in the Western facade. The portico is inspired by Greek and Roman temples. The towers on each side of the portico stand for the pomp and elegance of baroque architecture, and give the impression of massive stability. This conjunction projects a dynamic feeling of movement.
From the inside the combination of paintings, sculptures and architecture, in case of a mass even music, creates a [[Gesamtkunstwerk]], which according to John Evelyn "strikes the understanding as well as the eye with […] majesty and solemn greatness" (quoted in Briggs 168).

The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. The cross on top is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons. The dome is a triple structure: While both the lead-covered outer and the decoratively painted inner dome are very lightweight, the middle structure is built of bricks, holding the weight of the lantern, the golden cross, as well as the domes themselves.

[[James II]] called the cathedral:"amusing, awful, and artificial", which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.

==Trivia==

In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.

==Tombs in St Paul's==

* Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)
* Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)
* Charles George Gordon
* William Holman Hunt (crypt)
* Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)
* John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)
* Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)
* Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)
* Sir [[Philip Sidney]] (crypt)
* Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)
* Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)
* John Weldon (old cathedral)
* Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)
* Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)
* Sir [[Christopher Wren]] (crypt)

Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.

==References and Further Reading==
* Stevenson, Neil. ''Annotated Guides - Architecture''. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2006.
* Lang, Jane. ''Rebuilding St. Paul's after the Great Fire of London.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1956.
* Matthews, Walter Robert. ''A history of St. Paul's Cathedral and the men associated with it.'' London: Baker, 1964.
* Michael Maurer. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Englands.''Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain.'' Malden: Blackwell, 2003.
* Briggs, Asa. ''A Social History of England.'' Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999.
* Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).

===Links===
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm St Ethelbert]
* [http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History St Paul's Cathedral website]
* [http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm St Paul's Cathedral on archinform.net]

St Paul's Cathedral

2009-07-15T18:59:27Z

Maxi:

'''St Paul's Cathedral''' is one of the most famous cathedrals of London. It is an [[Anglican]] church rebuilt in the neoclassical style by [[Christopher Wren|Sir Christopher Wren]] from 1677-1708. Situated in the [[City of London]] it is an iconic part of the city's skyline. Moreover, St Paul’s is the cathedral of the Diocese of London and therefore is the seat of the Bishop of London.

==History==

The cathedral we see today is the fourth one at this place.
The Romans were the first ones who dedicated a temple to their goddess Diana right there.

===Middle Ages===

In 604 AD the first cathedral was build by St Ethelbert (552-616 AD), King of Kent who was the first Christian king of England.
He introduced St Mellitus as the first Bishop of London.
This first cathedral was mainly made of wood and was thus destroyed by a fire some 60-70 years later.

Between 675 and 685 AD the second cathedral was erected which lasted for almost 300 years until the Vikings destroyed it.

After that, Old St Paul's was build by the Normans (starting in 1087 AD). This one was already a gigantic building which was even bigger than today's cathedral. Until it was struck by lightning in 1561, it was not only the biggest building of England but it had also the highest tower of the world.

===Reformation and Changes===

Following the Reformation the nave was used in various ways, as, for instance, an indoor market hall (selling fish, beer, ale, meat & fruits),or as a market hall to find servants, as a place of assembly for jurists, as well as for horse traders.
At that time the tombs and the baptismal font served as counters.

In addition, the foot (1 ft = 30 cm) was defined as a unit of measurement at this place. It is similar to the foot length of the statue of St Algar.
The first lottery of Great Britain also took place in Old St Paul's during this time. The tickets were sold at the west entrance. Although a lot of money was earned with this lottery the funds were not used to overhaul the cathedral, but rather to repair ports.

=== Stuart Age===

Only in 1630 it was acknowledged that the cathedral was in need of repair.
Thus, Charles I tried to do everything in his power to rebuild it (with the involvement Inigo Jones, the most prestigious architect at the time) but with the outbreak of the Civil War the operations came to a standstill again.

Cromwell used the cathedral as barracks for his cavalry. The parlamentarian army battered the windows, burned all the woodwork and eliminated the portraits and effigies.

===The Great Fire of London 1666===

Twenty years later the [[Great Fire of London]] levelled the cathedral to the ground in 1666. Its wooden roof was one of the main reasons for its burning down.

==Wren's Masterpiece==

Two years after the Great Fire Sir [[Christopher Wren]] was chosen to design the new structure of the church.
Out of different attempts his Greek Cross design was chosen. The influence of the [[Renaissance]] is distinctive, but also [[gothic]] features are respected. He started to build his masterpiece in 1675. The cathedral's building time lasted 35 years. The construction works came to a halt because of an earthquake in Dorset in 1690. Due to this earthquake the break up of the Portland sandstone had to stop and the material's replenishment was interrupted.

The most extraordinary part of the building is the cupola. It is made up of a wooden framework that is coated with lead. This then stands over an brick-built inner cupola. The cross ahead is 112 metres above the ground. Together with the lantern it weighs approximately 700 tons.

During the construction period Wren headquartered across the river. Even today one can see a memorial plaque on a red brick house near New Globe Theatre in Southwark.
He usually inspected the building site once a week, drawn up in a basket onto the roof and the cupola.
Wren was one of the few architects who was able to witness the completion of his masterpiece with his son placing the closer [here is something missing, isn't it?]
Sir Christopher Wren was one of the first who were laid to rest in the crypt of the cathedral.

[[James II]] called the cathedral:"amusing, awful, and artificial", which meant - at that time - that he was simply delighted by this building.

----

'''Trivia'''

In 1925 a tear could be seen in the cupola. An immediate calling for donations brought about £230 000 - including 5 pence donated by 5 Scots.

----

'''Tombs in St Paul's'''

* Admiral David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty (crypt)
* Sir Alexander Fleming (crypt)
* Charles George Gordon
* William Holman Hunt (crypt)
* Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe (crypt)
* John of Gaunt, father of king Henry IV (old cathedral)
* Henry de Laci, 3rd Earl of Lincoln (old cathedral)
* Admiral Lord Nelson (crypt)
* Sir [[Philip Sidney]] (crypt)
* Sir Arthur Sullivan (crypt)
* Joseph Mallord William Turner (crypt)
* John Weldon (old cathedral)
* Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington (crypt)
* Fieldmarshall Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (crypt)
* Sir [[Christopher Wren]] (crypt)

Not buried in St Paul's are Winston Churchill and Florence Nightingale; although both have a memorial in the cathedral's crypt.

----

Sources:

Yapp, Nick and Rupert Tenison. ''London - Geheimnisse&Glanz einer Weltstadt''. Köln: Könemann (1999).

St Ethelbert - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05553b.htm

St Paul's Cathedral - http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History

St Paul's Cathedral - http://deu.archinform.net/projekte/3835.htm

User:Maxi

2009-07-08T22:41:15Z

Maxi: /* I started... */

Me is Maxi Brand.

==Contributions==

===I started...===
* [[Church of England]]
* [[St. Paul’s Cathedral]]

User:Maxi

2009-07-08T21:27:16Z

Maxi: Created page with 'Me is Maxi Brand. ==Contributions== ===I started...=== * Church of England'

Me is Maxi Brand.

==Contributions==

===I started...===
* [[Church of England]]

Church of England

2009-07-08T21:25:30Z

Maxi:

The '''Church of England ''' is the official church of England. It is a Protestant denomination. The Head of Church (official title: Supreme Governor of the Church of England) always is the currently reigning king or queen of England. While the monarch is just representing the CoE, the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] is the religious leader of the CoE.

==Establishment==

The Church of England was established in 1534 by the [[Acts of Supremacy]]. With these acts [[Henry VIII]] separated the English church from [[Catholicism|Roman Catholicism]]. The reason for this was a dispute between Henry VIII and Pope Julius II who did not allow Henry VIII to divorce his wife [[Catherine of Aragon]].
The Church of England became Protestant after that. In the centuries afterwards several kings tried to reestablish Catholicism in England. This led to a constant conflict between [[Anglicanism]], Catholicism and [[Puritanism]].

==Civil War and Commonwealth==

One of the main reasons for the Puritans to raise their voices again during the reign of [[Charles I]] was his marriage in 1625 with Henrietta-Marie de Bourbon, a French, Roman Catholic princess. The Puritans feared a major impact of Catholic influence on the English court and especially on possible future heirs of the crown.
Another danger in the Puritans eyes was the king's aims to embellish and ceremonialise church rituals with the support of Archbishop [[William Laud]]. The puritan discontempt with this was one of the many reasons for the [[civil war]].

During the [[Commonwealth]] the Church of England was puritanised, the churches were stripped of all ornaments, pomp and images. The Church of England became separated from the state and the [[Book of Common Prayer]] was replaced by Westminster Confession of Faith, a calvinist doctrine.

==The CoE in the Restauration==

During Restoration Anglicanism was restored in England. The [[Act of Uniformity]] 1662 secured that all rites and services from the Book of Common Prayers were used in the Church of England. The [[Test Acts]] of 1673 and 1678 were used to exclude Catholics and Nonconformists from public offices. Only the [[Act of Toleration]] 1689 changed the situation. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent reign of [[William of Orange]] and [[Mary]] all dissenters, that is Christians not involved in the Church of England, were allowed to worship on their own terms.

==References and Further Reading==
* Watson, Edward. ''The Church of England.'' London: OUP, 1950.
* Moorman, John. ''A History of the church in England.'' New York: Morehouse-Barlow, 1967.
* Michael Maurer. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Englands.''Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.
* Hutton, Ronald. ''The Restoration. A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658-1667.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain.'' Malden: Blackwell, 2003.

Church of England

2009-07-08T21:17:19Z

Maxi: Created page with 'The '''Church of England ''' is the official church of England. It is a Protestant denomination. The Head of Church (official title: Supreme Governor of the Church of England) al…'

The '''Church of England ''' is the official church of England. It is a Protestant denomination. The Head of Church (official title: Supreme Governor of the Church of England) always is the currently reigning king or queen of England. While the monarch is just representing the CoE, the Archbishop of Canterbury is the religious leader of the CoE.

==Establishment==

The Church of England was established in 1534 by the Acts of Supremacy. With these acts Henry VIII separated the English church from Roman Catholicism. The reason for this was a dispute between Henry VIII and Pope Julius II who did not allow Henry VIII to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon.
The Church of England became Protestant after that. In the centuries afterwards several kings tried to reestablish Catholicism in England. This led to a constant conflict between Anglicanism, Catholicism and Puritanism.

==Civil War and Commonwealth==

One of the main reasons for the Puritans to raise their voices again during the reign of Charles I. was his marriage in 1625 with Henrietta-Marie de Bourbon, a French, Roman Catholic princess. The Puritans feared a major impact of Catholic influence on the English court and especially on possible future heirs of the crown.
Another danger in the Puritans eyes was the king's aims to embellish and ceremonialise church rituals with the support of Archbishop William Laud. The puritan discontempt with this was one of the many reasons for the civil war.

During the Commonwealth the Church of England was puritanised, the churches were stripped of all ornaments, pomp and images. The Church England became separated from the state and the Book of Common prayer was replaced by Westminster Confession of Faith, a calvinist doctrine.

==The CoE in the Restauration==

During Restoration Anglicanism was mainly restored in England. The Act of Uniformity 1662 secured that all rites and services from the Book of Common Prayers were used in the Church of England. The Test Acts of 1673 and 1678 were used to exclude Catholics and Nonconformists from public offices. Only the Act of Toleration 1689 changed the situation. After the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the subsequent reign of William of Orange and Mary all dissenters, that is Christians not involved in the Church of England, were allowed to worship on their own terms.

==References and Further Reading==
* Watson, Edward. ''The Church of England.'' London: OUP, 1950.
* Moorman, John. ''A History of the church in England.'' New York: Morehouse-Barlow, 1967.
* Michael Maurer. ''Eine kleine Geschichte Englands.''Stuttgart: Reclam, 2007.
* Hutton, Ronald. ''The Restoration. A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658-1667.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.
* Coward, Barry, ed. ''A Companion to Stuart Britain.'' Malden: Blackwell, 2003.