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Septennial Act

2023-06-29T12:49:34Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.
The Septennial Act was a law passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1715. and substituted the prior Triennial Act of 1694 which had stipulated that general elections for the House of Commons should be held every three years.

=== Introduction ===
The Septennial Act of 1715, also known as the Septennial Act of George I, was a significant electoral reform passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. This act increased the maximum term of a Parliament from three to seven years, lowering the frequency of general elections. The Septennial Act had far-reaching consequences for the stability of the government, political parties, and the electoral system as a whole.

=== Historical Context ===
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of Settlement in 1701, a period of political unrest preceded the enactment of the Septennial Act. The Protestant succession to the British crown was cemented by these developments, but the country still had trouble setting up a reliable system of government. In light of this, the Septennial Act aimed to give Parliaments a more firm foundation for government by extending their terms.

=== Outcome and Impact ===
The Septennial Act of 1715 had far-reaching consequences for British politics. By reducing the frequency of general elections, the act curtailed the influence of popular sentiment on the composition of the government. This change increased the power of long-standing political parties, making it more challenging for young or marginalized parties to win support. Furthermore, longer parliamentary terms provided incumbents with greater security, reducing the necessity of constantly appealing to their constituents. The implications of the Septennial Act extended beyond the immediate political landscape. The establishment of a seven-year term as the norm laid the groundwork for subsequent electoral reforms. In 1911, the Parliament Act further reduced the maximum duration to five years, a figure that remains in effect today. Moreover, the Septennial Act set a precedent for electoral reform in other nations, such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, where seven-year parliamentary terms were also adopted.

=== Sources ===
O'Gorman, Frank. The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832, 2nd edition. Bloomsbury Academic, 2016.

Scott, Hamish, and Brendan Simms. Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century, 1st Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T12:29:26Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.
The Septennial Act was a law passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1715. and substituted the prior Triennial Act of 1694 which had stipulated that general elections for the House of Commons should be held every three years.

=== Introduction ===
The Septennial Act of 1715, also known as the Septennial Act of George I, was a significant electoral reform passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. This act increased the maximum term of a Parliament from three to seven years, lowering the frequency of general elections. The Septennial Act had far-reaching consequences for the stability of the government, political parties, and the electoral system as a whole.

=== Historical Context ===
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of Settlement in 1701, a period of political unrest preceded the enactment of the Septennial Act. The Protestant succession to the British crown was cemented by these developments, but the country still had trouble setting up a reliable system of government. In light of this, the Septennial Act aimed to give Parliaments a more firm foundation for government by extending their terms.

=== Outcome and Impact ===
The Septennial Act of 1715 had far-reaching consequences for British politics. By reducing the frequency of general elections, the act curtailed the influence of popular sentiment on the composition of the government. This change increased the power of long-standing political parties, making it more challenging for young or marginalized parties to win support. Furthermore, longer parliamentary terms provided incumbents with greater security, reducing the necessity of constantly appealing to their constituents. The implications of the Septennial Act extended beyond the immediate political landscape. The establishment of a seven-year term as the norm laid the groundwork for subsequent electoral reforms. In 1911, the Parliament Act further reduced the maximum duration to five years, a figure that remains in effect today. Moreover, the Septennial Act set a precedent for electoral reform in other nations, such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, where seven-year parliamentary terms were also adopted.

=== Sources ===
Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century

The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T12:25:14Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.

=== Introduction ===
The Septennial Act of 1715, also known as the Septennial Act of George I, was a significant electoral reform passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. This act increased the maximum term of a Parliament from three to seven years, lowering the frequency of general elections. The Septennial Act had far-reaching consequences for the stability of the government, political parties, and the electoral system as a whole.

=== Historical Context ===
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of Settlement in 1701, a period of political unrest preceded the enactment of the Septennial Act. The Protestant succession to the British crown was cemented by these developments, but the country still had trouble setting up a reliable system of government. In light of this, the Septennial Act aimed to give Parliaments a more firm foundation for government by extending their terms.

=== Outcome and Impact ===
The Septennial Act of 1715 had far-reaching consequences for British politics. By reducing the frequency of general elections, the act curtailed the influence of popular sentiment on the composition of the government. This change increased the power of long-standing political parties, making it more challenging for young or marginalized parties to win support. Furthermore, longer parliamentary terms provided incumbents with greater security, reducing the necessity of constantly appealing to their constituents. The implications of the Septennial Act extended beyond the immediate political landscape. The establishment of a seven-year term as the norm laid the groundwork for subsequent electoral reforms. In 1911, the Parliament Act further reduced the maximum duration to five years, a figure that remains in effect today. Moreover, the Septennial Act set a precedent for electoral reform in other nations, such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, where seven-year parliamentary terms were also adopted.

=== Sources ===
Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century

The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T12:24:35Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.

The Septennial Act of 1715, also known as the Septennial Act of George I, was a significant electoral reform passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. This act increased the maximum term of a Parliament from three to seven years, lowering the frequency of general elections. The Septennial Act had far-reaching consequences for the stability of the government, political parties, and the electoral system as a whole.

=== Historical Context ===
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of Settlement in 1701, a period of political unrest preceded the enactment of the Septennial Act. The Protestant succession to the British crown was cemented by these developments, but the country still had trouble setting up a reliable system of government. In light of this, the Septennial Act aimed to give Parliaments a more firm foundation for government by extending their terms.

=== Outcome and Impact ===
The Septennial Act of 1715 had far-reaching consequences for British politics. By reducing the frequency of general elections, the act curtailed the influence of popular sentiment on the composition of the government. This change increased the power of long-standing political parties, making it more challenging for young or marginalized parties to win support. Furthermore, longer parliamentary terms provided incumbents with greater security, reducing the necessity of constantly appealing to their constituents. The implications of the Septennial Act extended beyond the immediate political landscape. The establishment of a seven-year term as the norm laid the groundwork for subsequent electoral reforms. In 1911, the Parliament Act further reduced the maximum duration to five years, a figure that remains in effect today. Moreover, the Septennial Act set a precedent for electoral reform in other nations, such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, where seven-year parliamentary terms were also adopted.

=== Sources ===
Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century

The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T12:23:22Z

MohammadAZ:

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T11:51:16Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.

=== Introduction ===
The Septennial Act of 1715, also known as the Septennial Act of George I, was a significant electoral reform passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. This act increased the maximum term of a Parliament from three to seven years, lowering the frequency of general elections. The Septennial Act had far-reaching consequences for the stability of the government, political parties, and the electoral system as a whole.

=== Historical Context ===
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of Settlement in 1701, a period of political unrest preceded the enactment of the Septennial Act. The Protestant succession to the British crown was cemented by these developments, but the country still had trouble setting up a reliable system of government. In light of this, the Septennial Act aimed to give Parliaments a more firm foundation for government by extending their terms.

=== Outcome and Impact ===
The Septennial Act of 1715 had far-reaching consequences for British politics. By reducing the frequency of general elections, the act curtailed the influence of popular sentiment on the composition of the government. This change increased the power of long-standing political parties, making it more challenging for young or marginalized parties to win support. Furthermore, longer parliamentary terms provided incumbents with greater security, reducing the necessity of constantly appealing to their constituents.

=== Sources ===
Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century

The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T11:50:41Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.

=== Introduction ===
The Septennial Act of 1715, also known as the Septennial Act of George I, was a significant electoral reform passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. This act increased the maximum term of a Parliament from three to seven years, lowering the frequency of general elections. The Septennial Act had far-reaching consequences for the stability of the government, political parties, and the electoral system as a whole.

=== Historical Context ===
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of Settlement in 1701, a period of political unrest preceded the enactment of the Septennial Act. The Protestant succession to the British crown was cemented by these developments, but the country still had trouble setting up a reliable system of government. In light of this, the Septennial Act aimed to give Parliaments a more firm foundation for government by extending their terms.

=== Outcome and Impact ===
The Septennial Act of 1715 had far-reaching consequences for British politics. By reducing the frequency of general elections, the act curtailed the influence of popular sentiment on the composition of the government. This change increased the power of long-standing political parties, making it more challenging for young or marginalized parties to win support. Furthermore, longer parliamentary terms provided incumbents with greater security, reducing the necessity of constantly appealing to their constituents.

=== Sources ===
Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century
The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T11:45:47Z

MohammadAZ:

Septennial Act

2023-06-29T11:43:42Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.

Introduction
The Septennial Act of 1715, also known as the Septennial Act of George I, was a significant electoral reform passed by the Parliament of Great Britain. This act increased the maximum term of a Parliament from three to seven years, lowering the frequency of general elections. The Septennial Act had far-reaching consequences for the stability of the government, political parties, and the electoral system as a whole.

Historical Context
Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Act of Settlement in 1701, a period of political unrest preceded the enactment of the Septennial Act. The Protestant succession to the British crown was cemented by these developments, but the country still had trouble setting up a reliable system of government. In light of this, the Septennial Act aimed to give Parliaments a more firm foundation for government by extending their terms.

Outcome and Impact
The Septennial Act of 1715 had far-reaching consequences for British politics. By reducing the frequency of general elections, the act curtailed the influence of popular sentiment on the composition of the government. This change increased the power of long-standing political parties, making it more challenging for young or marginalized parties to win support. Furthermore, longer parliamentary terms provided incumbents with greater security, reducing the necessity of constantly appealing to their constituents.

Septennial Act

2023-06-28T09:23:32Z

MohammadAZ: Created page with "This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716."

This is an ongoing page for Septennial Act that was passed by Great Britain Parliament on May 1716.

The Popish Plot

2023-01-12T11:19:03Z

MohammadAZ:

This page is a work-in-progress post about The Popish Plot.
The Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that claimed that there was a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II, in order to install James, Duke of York (Charles' Catholic brother) as the new king of England. This led to the persecution of English Catholics, with many being arrested and executed. The plot was widely believed at the time and led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment in England. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne.

The origins of the Popish Plot can be traced back to Titus Oates, a former Anglican clergyman who had a history of making false accusations. Oates claimed that he had uncovered a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II and install James, Duke of York as the new king. He also claimed that a network of Jesuits and other Catholics was working to undermine the government and the Church of England.

At first, Oates' claims were met with skepticism, but they quickly gained traction as they were taken up by powerful figures in the government and the Church. Charles II himself was initially suspicious of the plot, but he eventually came to believe in it, as did many members of his government. This led to a wave of arrests and executions of Catholics, who were falsely accused of being involved in the plot.

The Popish Plot had a profound impact on England, leading to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne. Many innocent people were arrested, tortured, and executed due to this fabricated plot.

As the accusations and arrests continued, it became clear that there was no actual plot and that Oates' claims were completely false. Oates was eventually charged with perjury and the entire affair was exposed as a fraud. The Popish Plot caused a lot of chaos, fear and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken.

In conclusion, the Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that had a profound and lasting impact on England. It led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics, as well as played a role in the political struggles of the time. The plot was exposed as a fraud, but not before it had caused a lot of chaos, fear, and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of misinformation and the importance of critical thinking and skepticism in evaluating claims and evidence.

== Sources ==
Tanner, J. R. “Pepys and the Popish Plot.” The English Historical Review, vol. 7, no. 26, 1892, pp. 281–90. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/546317.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Popish Plot". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 May. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Popish-Plot.

The Popish Plot

2023-01-12T11:18:17Z

MohammadAZ:

This page is a work-in-progress post about The Popish Plot.
The Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that claimed that there was a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II, in order to install James, Duke of York (Charles' Catholic brother) as the new king of England. This led to the persecution of English Catholics, with many being arrested and executed. The plot was widely believed at the time and led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment in England. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne.

The origins of the Popish Plot can be traced back to Titus Oates, a former Anglican clergyman who had a history of making false accusations. Oates claimed that he had uncovered a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II and install James, Duke of York as the new king. He also claimed that a network of Jesuits and other Catholics was working to undermine the government and the Church of England.

At first, Oates' claims were met with skepticism, but they quickly gained traction as they were taken up by powerful figures in the government and the Church. Charles II himself was initially suspicious of the plot, but he eventually came to believe in it, as did many members of his government. This led to a wave of arrests and executions of Catholics, who were falsely accused of being involved in the plot.

The Popish Plot had a profound impact on England, leading to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne. Many innocent people were arrested, tortured, and executed due to this fabricated plot.

As the accusations and arrests continued, it became clear that there was no actual plot and that Oates' claims were completely false. Oates was eventually charged with perjury and the entire affair was exposed as a fraud. The Popish Plot caused a lot of chaos, fear and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken.

In conclusion, the Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that had a profound and lasting impact on England. It led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics, as well as played a role in the political struggles of the time. The plot was exposed as a fraud, but not before it had caused a lot of chaos, fear, and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of misinformation and the importance of critical thinking and skepticism in evaluating claims and evidence.

'''Sources:'''
Tanner, J. R. “Pepys and the Popish Plot.” The English Historical Review, vol. 7, no. 26, 1892, pp. 281–90. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/546317.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Popish Plot". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 May. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Popish-Plot.

The Popish Plot

2023-01-12T11:14:21Z

MohammadAZ:

This page is a work-in-progress post about The Popish Plot.
The Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that claimed that there was a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II, in order to install James, Duke of York (Charles' Catholic brother) as the new king of England. This led to the persecution of English Catholics, with many being arrested and executed. The plot was widely believed at the time and led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment in England. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne.

The origins of the Popish Plot can be traced back to Titus Oates, a former Anglican clergyman who had a history of making false accusations. Oates claimed that he had uncovered a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II and install James, Duke of York as the new king. He also claimed that a network of Jesuits and other Catholics was working to undermine the government and the Church of England.

At first, Oates' claims were met with skepticism, but they quickly gained traction as they were taken up by powerful figures in the government and the Church. Charles II himself was initially suspicious of the plot, but he eventually came to believe in it, as did many members of his government. This led to a wave of arrests and executions of Catholics, who were falsely accused of being involved in the plot.

The Popish Plot had a profound impact on England, leading to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne. Many innocent people were arrested, tortured and executed due to this fabricated plot.

As the accusations and arrests continued, it became clear that there was no actual plot and that Oates' claims were completely false. Oates was eventually charged with perjury and the entire affair was exposed as a fraud. The Popish Plot caused a lot of chaos, fear and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken.

In conclusion, the Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that had a profound and lasting impact on England. It led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics, as well as played a role in the political struggles of the time. The plot was exposed as a fraud, but not before it had caused a lot of chaos, fear, and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of misinformation and the importance of critical thinking and skepticism in evaluating claims and evidence.

Sources:
Tanner, J. R. “Pepys and the Popish Plot.” The English Historical Review, vol. 7, no. 26, 1892, pp. 281–90. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/546317.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Popish Plot". Encyclopedia Britannica, 29 May. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/event/Popish-Plot.

The Popish Plot

2023-01-12T11:05:46Z

MohammadAZ:

This page is a work-in-progress post about The Popish Plot.
The Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that claimed that there was a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II, in order to install James, Duke of York (Charles' Catholic brother) as the new king of England. This led to the persecution of English Catholics, with many being arrested and executed. The plot was widely believed at the time and led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment in England. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne.

The origins of the Popish Plot can be traced back to Titus Oates, a former Anglican clergyman who had a history of making false accusations. Oates claimed that he had uncovered a Catholic plot to assassinate Charles II and install James, Duke of York as the new king. He also claimed that a network of Jesuits and other Catholics was working to undermine the government and the Church of England.

At first, Oates' claims were met with skepticism, but they quickly gained traction as they were taken up by powerful figures in the government and the Church. Charles II himself was initially suspicious of the plot, but he eventually came to believe in it, as did many members of his government. This led to a wave of arrests and executions of Catholics, who were falsely accused of being involved in the plot.

The Popish Plot had a profound impact on England, leading to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics. It also played a role in the political struggles of the time, as Charles II's opponents used it as a pretext to demand stricter laws against Catholics and to oppose the succession of James to the throne. Many innocent people were arrested, tortured, and executed due to this fabricated plot.

As the accusations and arrests continued, it became clear that there was no actual plot and that Oates' claims were completely false. Oates was eventually charged with perjury and the entire affair was exposed as a fraud. The Popish Plot caused a lot of chaos, fear, and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken.

In conclusion, the Popish Plot of 1678 was a fabricated conspiracy that had a profound and lasting impact on England. It led to increased anti-Catholic sentiment and a wave of persecution against Catholics, as well as played a role in the political struggles of the time. The plot was exposed as a fraud, but not before it had caused a lot of chaos, fear, and mistrust in society and led to many innocent lives being taken. It serves as a reminder of the dangers of misinformation and the importance of critical thinking and skepticism in evaluating claims and evidence.

The Popish Plot

2023-01-12T09:32:47Z

MohammadAZ: Created page with "This page is a work-in-progress post about The Popish Plot."

This page is a work-in-progress post about The Popish Plot.

Black Wednesday

2022-01-25T16:47:48Z

MohammadAZ:

== Black Wednesday ==

Black Wednesday is a term used to refer to September 16th, 1992 when UK currency, Pound Sterling, suffered a drastic decline in value which subsequently caused the UK to withdraw from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) which is an economic system that was introduced to ensure the economic growth of European nations and required members currencies to maintain a specific minimum value. The UK Pound Sterling could not maintain above the required margin and the UK was forced out of ERM.

=== Consequences & Effects ===
Withdrawal from European ERM impact caused Pound Sterling to further.

=== References ===

Budd, A. (2005) Black Wednesday - a Re-Examination of Britain's Experience in the Exchange Rate Mechanism. IEA Occasional Paper No. 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.734203

Greenway, D. (2012). Policy Forum: UK Macroeconomic Policy After Black Wednesday: Editorial Note. The Economic Journal, Volume 107, Issue 443, 1 July 1997, Pages 1126–1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.1997.tb00012.x

Black Wednesday

2022-01-24T22:29:21Z

MohammadAZ:

This is an article about the notorious Black Wednesday in the United Kingdom.

Black Wednesday

2022-01-24T22:28:15Z

MohammadAZ: Created page with "This is an article about notorious Black Wednesday in history of United Kingdome"

This is an article about notorious Black Wednesday in history of United Kingdome

John Bercow

2022-01-24T22:17:01Z

MohammadAZ:

== John Bercow ==

=== Introduction ===
John Simon Bercow, born 19 January 1963, is a British veteran politician who was the Speaker of the House of Commons for more than a decade, from June 2009 to November 2019. He also worked as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham from 1997 until 2019, when he resigned as Speaker and did refuse to re-elect for MP and left the Parliament.
John Bercow was mainly a member of the Conservative Party until his resignation in 2019, then he joined Labour Party in 2021.
He is also the appointed chancellor of the University of Essex and the University of Bedfordshire.

=== Early Political Career ===
In 1968, Bercow was selected as Conservative chancellor of Lambeth and in 1995, he was appointed as a special advisor to Jonathan Aitken, who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury at the time. After Aitken’s resignation, Bercow became a special advisor to the Secretary of State for National Heritage, Virginia Bottomley.
Bercow was elected as Member of Parliament for Buckingham on May 1997 and was continuously re-elected for more than two decades until his resignation in 2019.
After merely 2 years, in June 1999, Bercow became a frontbench spokesman for Education and Employment and became a frontbench spokesman for in July 2000. In 2001 Conservative leader Lain Duncan Smith promoted Bercow to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury however after his party opposition to free vote for Labour government Adoption and Children Act, Bercow resigned and moved to the backbench.
A year later, in November 2003, Michael Howard appointed Bercow as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, nevertheless he was soon dismissed due to his contradiction with Howard over taxes, immigration, and Iraq and was sent to backbench where he remained until his election as the Speaker of House of Commons.
During his career as a Member of Parliament, Bercow received the Channel Four/Hansard Society Political Award for Opposition MP of the Year in 2005 and became a patron of the Tory Reform Group in 2006. His work to support equality for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people led him to receive the Stonewall award for Politician of the Year in 2010.

=== Speaker of the house ===
Although Bercow had campaigned discreetly to become Speaker for a long time, He officially announced his intention of participating in the Speaker of the House of Commons 2009 election after Michael Martin’s resignation following the UK parliamentary expenses scandal. Bercow was unsatisfied with the system “The system had been excessively secretive, overly generous, loosely administered and patently indefensible” and sought to alter it through Parliament “We devised it and we had now to abolish it and provide for an independent body to devise an alternative, which should be characterized by equity, transparency, and accountability.” After three rounds of voting, Bercow became the first Jewish elected as the Speaker. Bercow was re-elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons in 2010, 2015, and 2017 elections and served until his resignation in 2019.

During Bercow’s service as Speaker, The House of Commons faced crucial challenges, mainly the 2016 referendum and Brexit with which Bercow seriously opposed Brexit and has publicly addressed it as “the biggest foreign policy blunder of the post-war period” and “the most chronic threat to the British national interest” but tried to maintain a neutral role as Speaker “I think the record shows I've always been keen to give a voice to the minority or the dissident voices in the House of Commons rather than in any sense to side with the majority.”

=== Retirement ===
On 9 September 2019, Bercow stated he intends to stand down on October 31st or the next election. He was appointed as Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead since members of the House of Commons can’t resign. Theis procedure facilitates legal permission for members to resign.

=== References ===
Bercow, John S. Unspeakable: The Autobiography. W&N; 1st edition, Feb 2020.

Whale, Sebastian. John Bercow: Call To Order. Biteback Publishing, March 2020.

John Bercow

2022-01-24T09:26:12Z

MohammadAZ:

== ''' John Bercow
''' ==

=== Introduction ===
John Simon Bercow, born 19 January 1963, is a British veteran politician who was the Speaker of the House of Commons for more than a decade, from June 2009 to November 2019. He also worked as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham from 1997 until 2019, when he resigned as Speaker and did refuse to re-elect for MP and left the Parliament.
John Bercow was mainly a member of the Conservative Party until his resignation in 2019, then he joined Labour Party in 2021.
He is also the appointed chancellor of the University of Essex and the University of Bedfordshire.

=== Early Political Career ===
In 1968, Bercow was selected as Conservative chancellor of Lambeth and in 1995, he was appointed as a special advisor to Jonathan Aitken, who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury at the time. After Aitken’s resignation, Bercow became a special advisor to the Secretary of State for National Heritage, Virginia Bottomley.
Bercow was elected as Member of Parliament for Buckingham on May 1997 and was continuously re-elected for more than two decades until his resignation in 2019.
After merely 2 years, in June 1999, Bercow became a frontbench spokesman for Education and Employment and became a frontbench spokesman for in July 2000. In 2001 Conservative leader Lain Duncan Smith promoted Bercow to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury however after his party opposition to free vote for Labour government Adoption and Children Act, Bercow resigned and moved to the backbench.
A year later, in November 2003, Michael Howard appointed Bercow as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, nevertheless he was soon dismissed due to his contradiction with Howard over taxes, immigration, and Iraq and was sent to backbench where he remained until his election as the Speaker of House of Commons.
During his career as a Member of Parliament, Bercow received the Channel Four/Hansard Society Political Award for Opposition MP of the Year in 2005 and became a patron of the Tory Reform Group in 2006. His work to support equality for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people led him to receive the Stonewall award for Politician of the Year in 2010.

=== Speaker of the house ===
Although Bercow had campaigned discreetly to become Speaker for a long time, He officially announced his intention of participating in the Speaker of the House of Commons 2009 election after Michael Martin’s resignation following the UK parliamentary expenses scandal. Bercow was unsatisfied with the system “The system had been excessively secretive, overly generous, loosely administered and patently indefensible” and sought to alter it through Parliament “We devised it and we had now to abolish it and provide for an independent body to devise an alternative, which should be characterized by equity, transparency, and accountability.” After three rounds of voting, Bercow became the first Jewish elected as the Speaker. Bercow was re-elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons in 2010, 2015, and 2017 elections and served until his resignation in 2019.

During Bercow’s service as Speaker, The House of Commons faced crucial challenges, mainly the 2016 referendum and Brexit with which Bercow seriously opposed Brexit and has publicly addressed it as “the biggest foreign policy blunder of the post-war period” and “the most chronic threat to the British national interest” but tried to maintain a neutral role as Speaker “I think the record shows I've always been keen to give a voice to the minority or the dissident voices in the House of Commons rather than in any sense to side with the majority.”

=== Retirement ===
On 9 September 2019, Bercow stated he intends to stand down on October 31st or the next election. He was appointed as Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead since members of the House of Commons can’t resign. Theis procedure facilitates legal permission for members to resign.

=== References ===
Bercow, John S. Unspeakable: The Autobiography. W&N; 1st edition, Feb 2020.

Whale, Sebastian. John Bercow: Call To Order. Biteback Publishing, March 2020.

John Bercow

2022-01-24T09:23:50Z

MohammadAZ:

== ''' John Bercow
''' ==

=== Introduction ===
John Simon Bercow, born 19 January 1963, is a British veteran politician who was the Speaker of the House of Commons for more than a decade, from June 2009 to November 2019. He also worked as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham from 1997 until 2019, when he resigned as Speaker and did refuse to re-elect for MP and left the Parliament.
John Bercow was mainly a member of the Conservative Party until his resignation in 2019, then he joined Labour Party in 2021.
He is also the appointed chancellor of the University of Essex and the University of Bedfordshire.

=== Early Political Career ===
In 1968, Bercow was selected as Conservative chancellor of Lambeth and in 1995, he was appointed as a special advisor to Jonathan Aitken, who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury at the time. After Aitken’s resignation, Bercow became a special advisor to the Secretary of State for National Heritage, Virginia Bottomley.
Bercow was elected as Member of Parliament for Buckingham on May 1997 and was continuously re-elected for more than two decades until his resignation in 2019.
After merely 2 years, in June 1999, Bercow became a frontbench spokesman for Education and Employment and became a frontbench spokesman for in July 2000. In 2001 Conservative leader Lain Duncan Smith promoted Bercow to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury however after his party opposition to free vote for Labour government Adoption and Children Act, Bercow resigned and moved to the backbench.
A year later, in November 2003, Michael Howard appointed Bercow as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, nevertheless he was soon dismissed due to his contradiction with Howard over taxes, immigration, and Iraq and was sent to backbench where he remained until his election as the Speaker of House of Commons.
During his career as a Member of Parliament, Bercow received the Channel Four/Hansard Society Political Award for Opposition MP of the Year in 2005 and became a patron of the Tory Reform Group in 2006. His work to support equality for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people led him to receive the Stonewall award for Politician of the Year in 2010.

=== Speaker of the house ===
Although Bercow had campaigned discreetly to become Speaker for a long time, He officially announced his intention of participating in the Speaker of the House of Commons 2009 election after Michael Martin’s resignation following the UK parliamentary expenses scandal. Bercow was unsatisfied with the system “The system had been excessively secretive, overly generous, loosely administered and patently indefensible” and sought to alter it through Parliament “We devised it and we had now to abolish it and provide for an independent body to devise an alternative, which should be characterized by equity, transparency, and accountability.” After three rounds of voting, Bercow became the first Jewish elected as the Speaker. Bercow was re-elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons in 2010, 2015, and 2017 elections and served until his resignation in 2019.

During Bercow’s service as Speaker, The House of Commons faced crucial challenges, mainly the 2016 referendum and Brexit with which Bercow seriously opposed Brexit and has publicly addressed it as “the biggest foreign policy blunder of the post-war period” and “the most chronic threat to the British national interest” but tried to maintain a neutral role as Speaker “I think the record shows I've always been keen to give a voice to the minority or the dissident voices in the House of Commons rather than in any sense to side with the majority.”

=== Retirement ===
On 9 September 2019, Bercow stated he intends to stand down on October 31st or the next election. He was appointed as Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead since members of the House of Commons can’t resign. These procedures facilitate legal permission for members to resign.

=== References ===
Bercow, John S. Unspeakable: The Autobiography. W&N; 1st edition, Feb 2020.

Whale, Sebastian. John Bercow: Call To Order. Biteback Publishing, March 2020.

John Bercow

2022-01-24T00:07:24Z

MohammadAZ:

== ''' John Bercow
''' ==

=== Introduction ===
John Bercow, born 19 January 1963, is a British veteran politician who was the Speaker of the House of Commons for more than a decade, from June 2009 to November 2019. He also worked as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham from 1997 until 2019, when he resigned as Speaker and did refuse to re-elect for MP and left the Parliament.
John Bercow was mainly a member of the Conservative Party until his resignation in 2019, then he joined Labour Party in 2021.
He is also the appointed chancellor of the University of Essex and the University of Bedfordshire.

=== Early Political Career ===
In 1968, Bercow was selected as Conservative chancellor of Lambeth and in 1995, he was appointed as a special advisor to Jonathan Aitken, who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury at the time. After Aitken’s resignation, Bercow became a special advisor to the Secretary of State for National Heritage, Virginia Bottomley.
Bercow was elected as Member of Parliament for Buckingham on May 1997 and was continuously re-elected for more than two decades until his resignation in 2019.
After merely 2 years, in June 1999, Bercow became a frontbench spokesman for Education and Employment and became a frontbench spokesman for in July 2000. In 2001 Conservative leader Lain Duncan Smith promoted Bercow to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury however after his party opposition to free vote for Labour government Adoption and Children Act, Bercow resigned and moved to the backbench.
A year later, in November 2003, Michael Howard appointed Bercow as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, nevertheless he was soon dismissed due to his contradiction with Howard over taxes, immigration, and Iraq and was sent to backbench where he remained until his election as the Speaker of House of Commons.
During his career as a Member of Parliament, Bercow received the Channel Four/Hansard Society Political Award for Opposition MP of the Year in 2005 and became a patron of the Tory Reform Group in 2006. His work to support equality for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people led him to receive the Stonewall award for Politician of the Year in 2010.

=== Speaker of the house ===
Although Bercow had campaigned discreetly to become Speaker for a long time, He officially announced his intention of participating in the Speaker of the House of Commons 2009 election after Michael Martin’s resignation following the UK parliamentary expenses scandal. Bercow was unsatisfied with the system “The system had been excessively secretive, overly generous, loosely administered and patently indefensible” and sought to alter it through Parliament “We devised it and we had now to abolish it and provide for an independent body to devise an alternative, which should be characterized by equity, transparency, and accountability.” After three rounds of voting, Bercow became the first Jewish elected as the Speaker. Bercow was re-elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons in 2010, 2015, and 2017 elections and served until his resignation in 2019.

During Bercow’s service as Speaker, The House of Commons faced crucial challenges, mainly the 2016 referendum and Brexit with which Bercow seriously opposed Brexit and has publicly addressed it as “the biggest foreign policy blunder of the post-war period” and “the most chronic threat to the British national interest” but tried to maintain a neutral role as Speaker “I think the record shows I've always been keen to give a voice to the minority or the dissident voices in the House of Commons rather than in any sense to side with the majority.”

=== Retirement ===
On 9 September 2019, Bercow stated he intends to stand down on October 31st or the next election. He was appointed as Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead since members of the House of Commons can’t resign. These procedures facilitate legal permission for members to resign.

=== References ===
# Unspeakable: The Autobiography by John Bercow
# John Bercow: Call To Order by Sebastian Whale

John Bercow

2022-01-24T00:00:42Z

MohammadAZ:

== ''' John Bercow
''' ==

=== Introduction ===
John Bercow, born 19 January 1963, is a British veteran politician who was the Speaker of the House of Commons for more than a decade, from June 2009 to November 2019. He also worked as a Member of Parliament (MP) for Buckingham from 1997 until 2019, when he resigned as Speaker and did refuse to re-elect for MP and left the Parliament.
John Bercow was mainly a member of the Conservative Party until his resignation in 2019, then he joined Labour Party in 2021.
He is also the appointed chancellor of the University of Essex and the University of Bedfordshire

=== Early Political Career ===
In 1968, Bercow was selected as Conservative chancellor of Lambeth and in 1995, he was appointed as a special advisor to Jonathan Aitken, who was the Chief Secretary to the Treasury at the time. After Aitken’s resignation, Bercow became a special advisor to the Secretary of State for National Heritage, Virginia Bottomley.
Bercow was elected as Member of Parliament for Buckingham on May 1997 and was continuously re-elected for more than two decades until his resignation in 2019.
After merely 2 years, in June 1999, Bercow became a frontbench spokesman for Education and Employment and became a frontbench spokesman for in July 2000. In 2001 Conservative leader Lain Duncan Smith promoted Bercow to Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury however after his party opposition to free vote for Labour government Adoption and Children Act, Bercow resigned and moved to the backbench.
A year later, in November 2003, Michael Howard appointed Bercow as Shadow Secretary of State for International Development, nevertheless he was soon dismissed due to his contradiction with Howard over taxes, immigration, and Iraq and was sent to backbench where he remained until his election as the Speaker of House of Commons.
During his career as a Member of Parliament, Bercow received the Channel Four/Hansard Society Political Award for Opposition MP of the Year in 2005 and became a patron of the Tory Reform Group in 2006. His work to support equality for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people led him to receive the Stonewall award for Politician of the Year in 2010.

=== Speaker of the house ===
Although Bercow had campaigned discreetly to become Speaker for a long time, He officially announced his intention of participating in the Speaker of the House of Commons 2009 election after Michael Martin’s resignation following the UK parliamentary expenses scandal. Bercow was unsatisfied with the system “The system had been excessively secretive, overly generous, loosely administered and patently indefensible” and sought to alter it through Parliament “We devised it and we had now to abolish it and provide for an independent body to devise an alternative, which should be characterized by equity, transparency, and accountability.” After three rounds of voting, Bercow became the first Jewish elected as the Speaker. Bercow was re-elected as the Speaker of the House of Commons in 2010, 2015, and 2017 elections and served until his resignation in 2019.

During Bercow’s service as Speaker, The House of Commons faced crucial challenges, mainly the 2016 referendum and Brexit with which Bercow seriously opposed Brexit and has publicly addressed it as “the biggest foreign policy blunder of the post-war period” and “the most chronic threat to the British national interest” but tried to maintain a neutral role as Speaker “I think the record shows I've always been keen to give a voice to the minority or the dissident voices in the House of Commons rather than in any sense to side with the majority.”

=== Retirement ===
On 9 September 2019, Bercow stated he intends to stand down on October 31st or the next election. He was appointed as Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead since members of the House of Commons can’t resign. These procedures facilitate the legal permission for members to resign

=== References ===
# Unspeakable: The Autobiography by John Bercow
# John Bercow: Call To Order by Sebastian Whale

John Bercow

2022-01-16T18:29:43Z

MohammadAZ: Created page with "This is a biography of John Bercow"

This is a biography of John Bercow