https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Nowits31British Culture - User contributions [en]2026-05-11T13:51:09ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6405Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-24T16:22:59Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. <br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772 as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and Coleridge was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Despite a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with [[Robert Southey]].<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. Colerdidge's marriage proved unhappy and his friendship to Southey cooled, because Southey decided to move to Portugal and Coleridge remained in England to write and lecture.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period of his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with William and Dorothy Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the climate worsened his many chronic health problems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wordsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' and ''Christabel''. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Femme Fatale element. His poem ''Kubla Khan'' is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' are supposed to be fragments (or experiments on intentionally fragmented texts). <br />
<br />
Coleridge like many others circulated versions of his works in manuscript form before they were officially published. In that way Mary Robinson could write a poetical reply to ''Kubla Khan'' in 1797 before it was published together with ''Christabel'' in 1816. Also [[Walter Scott]] had been reading ''Christabel'' for more than ten years before publication, which was urged by Lord Byron, who also was a fan of the manuscript. Byron recites from ''Christabel'' to Percy Bysshe and [[Mary Shelley]] at their famous meeting at Lake Geneva in 1816, when the party entertained themselves by challenging each other in telling and writing ghost stories. This in turn became the birthplace of Mary Shelley's ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818), one of the archetypical Gothic novels.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.<br />
<br />
Nowak, Helge. ''Literature in Britain and Ireland: A History''. UTB 3148. Thübingen: Francke, 2010.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6404Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-24T16:22:08Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. <br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772 as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and Coleridge was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Despite a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with [[Robert Southey]].<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. Colerdidge's marriage proved unhappy and his friendship to cooled, as Southey decided to move to Portugal and Coleridge remained in England to write and lecture.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period of his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with William and Dorothy Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the climate worsened his many chronic health problems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wordsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' and ''Christabel''. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Femme Fatale element. His poem ''Kubla Khan'' is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' are supposed to be fragments (or experiments on intentionally fragmented texts). <br />
<br />
Coleridge like many others circulated versions of his works in manuscript form before they were officially published. In that way Mary Robinson could write a poetical reply to ''Kubla Khan'' in 1797 before it was published together with ''Christabel'' in 1816. Also [[Walter Scott]] had been reading ''Christabel'' for more than ten years before publication, which was urged by Lord Byron, who also was a fan of the manuscript. Byron recites from ''Christabel'' to Percy Bysshe and [[Mary Shelley]] at their famous meeting at Lake Geneva in 1816, when the party entertained themselves by challenging each other in telling and writing ghost stories. This in turn became the birthplace of Mary Shelley's ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818), one of the archetypical Gothic novels.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.<br />
<br />
Nowak, Helge. ''Literature in Britain and Ireland: A History''. UTB 3148. Thübingen: Francke, 2010.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6403Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-24T16:12:00Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. <br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772 as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and Coleridge was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Despite a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with [[Robert Southey]].<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship. [why not?]<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period of his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with William and Dorothy Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the climate worsened his many chronic health problems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wordsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' and ''Christabel''. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Femme Fatale element. His poem ''Kubla Khan'' is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' are supposed to be fragments (or experiments on intentionally fragmented texts). <br />
<br />
Coleridge like many others circulated versions of his works in manuscript form before they were officially published. In that way Mary Robinson could write a poetical reply to ''Kubla Khan'' in 1797 before it was published together with ''Christabel'' in 1816. Also [[Walter Scott]] had been reading ''Christabel'' for more than ten years before publication, which was urged by Lord Byron, who also was a fan of the manuscript. Byron recites from ''Christabel'' to Percy Bysshe and [[Mary Shelley]] at their famous meeting at Lake Geneva in 1816, when the party entertained themselves by challenging each other in telling and writing ghost stories. This in turn became the birthplace of Mary Shelley's ''[[Frankenstein]]'' (1818), one of the archetypical Gothic novels.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.<br />
<br />
Nowak, Helge. ''Literature in Britain and Ireland: A History''. UTB 3148. Thübingen: Francke, 2010.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6347Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T11:51:54Z<p>Nowits31: /* Major Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' and ''Christabel''. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Famme Fatal element. His poem ''Kubla Khan'' is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' have a certain romantic aura to them, because they were both never properly finished by Coleridge.<br />
<br />
It is interestin that in a typical Romantic poet's manner, Coleridge like many others circulated versions of his works in manuscript form before they were oficially published. In that way Mary Robinson could write a poetical reply to ''Kubla Khan'' in 1797 before it was published toghether with ''Christabel'' in 1816. Also Walter Scott had been reading ''Christabel'' for more than ten years before publication, which was urged by Lord Byron, who also was a fan of the manuscript. Byron recites from ''Christabel'' to Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley at their famous meeting at Lake Geneva in 1816, when the party entertained themselves by challenging each other in telling and writing ghost stories. This in turn became the birthplace of Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' (1818), one of the archetypical Gothic novels.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.<br />
<br />
Nowak, Helge. ''Literature in Britain and Ireland: A History''.UTB 3148. Thübingen: Francke, 2010.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6346Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T11:51:10Z<p>Nowits31: /* Major Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: [[ ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' ]] and [[ ''Christabel'' ]]. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Famme Fatal element. His poem [[ ''Kubla Khan'' ]] is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' have a certain romantic aura to them, because they were both never properly finished by Coleridge.<br />
<br />
It is interestin that in a typical Romantic poet's manner, Coleridge like many others circulated versions of his works in manuscript form before they were oficially published. In that way Mary Robinson could write a poetical reply to ''Kubla Khan'' in 1797 before it was published toghether with ''Christabel'' in 1816. Also Walter Scott had been reading ''Christabel'' for more than ten years before publication, which was urged by Lord Byron, who also was a fan of the manuscript. Byron recites from ''Christabel'' to Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley at their famous meeting at Lake Geneva in 1816, when the party entertained themselves by challenging each other in telling and writing ghost stories. This in turn became the birthplace of Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' (1818), one of the archetypical Gothic novels.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.<br />
<br />
Nowak, Helge. ''Literature in Britain and Ireland: A History''.UTB 3148. Thübingen: Francke, 2010.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6345Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T11:46:47Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: [[''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'']] and [[''Christabel'']]. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Famme Fatal element. His poem [[''Kubla Khan'']] is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' have a certain romantic aura to them, because they were both never properly finished by Coleridge.<br />
<br />
It is interestin that in a typical Romantic poet's manner, Coleridge like many others circulated versions of his works in manuscript form before they were oficially published. In that way Mary Robinson could write a poetical reply to Kubla Khan in 1797 before it was published toghether with Christabel in 1816. Also Walter Scott had been reading Christabel for more than ten years before publication, which was urged by Lord Byron, who also was a fan of the manuscript. Byron recites from Christabel to Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley at their famous meeting at Lake Geneva in 1816, when the party entertained themselves by challenging each other in telling and writing ghost stories. This in turn became the birthplace of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), one of the archetypical Gothic novels.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.<br />
<br />
Nowak, Helge. ''Literature in Britain and Ireland: A History''.UTB 3148. Thübingen: Francke, 2010.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6344Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T11:44:08Z<p>Nowits31: /* Major Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: [[''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'']] and [[''Christabel'']]. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Famme Fatal element. His poem [[''Kubla Khan'']] is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' have a certain romantic aura to them, because they were both never properly finished by Coleridge.<br />
<br />
It is interestin that in a typical Romantic poet's manner, Coleridge like many others circulated versions of his works in manuscript form before they were oficially published. In that way Mary Robinson could write a poetical reply to Kubla Khan in 1797 before it was published toghether with Christabel in 1816. Also Walter Scott had been reading Christabel for more than ten years before publication, which was urged by Lord Byron, who also was a fan of the manuscript. Byron recites from Christabel to Percy Bysshe and Mary Shelley at their famous meeting at Lake Geneva in 1816, when the party entertained themselves by challenging each other in telling and writing ghost stories. This in turn became the birthplace of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818), one of the archetypical Gothic novels.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6343Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T11:19:30Z<p>Nowits31: /* Major Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: [[''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'']] and [[''Christabel'']]. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". His ''Christabel'' is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale, involving both the Vampire and Famme Fatal element. His poem [[''Kubla Khan'']] is also widely known and loved for it's strange, dreamy imagery. Furthermore, both ''Kubla Khan'' and ''Christabel'' have a certain romantic aura to them, because they were both never properly finished by Coleridge.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6342Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T11:15:08Z<p>Nowits31: /* Major Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
Coleridge is probably known mostly for his hypnotic and lengthy poems: [[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]] and [[Christabel]]. Even those who have never read the Rime have nevertheless come across these elements: the metaphor of an albatross around one's neck, the quote or rather mis-quote of "water, water everywhere, but not a drop to drink", and the phrase "a sadder but wiser man". Christabel is known for its musical rhythm and language and its Gothic tale involving the Vampire and Famme Fatal elements. His poem [[Kubla Khan]] is also widely known and loved for it' has strange, dreamy imagery and both Kubla Khan and Christabel have a certain romantic aura to them, because they were both never finished by Coleridge.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6341Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T10:58:33Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6340Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T10:57:54Z<p>Nowits31: /* Major Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=File:Christabel,_Kubla_Khan,_and_Pains_of_Sleep_titlepage.jpg&diff=6339File:Christabel, Kubla Khan, and Pains of Sleep titlepage.jpg2011-01-18T10:57:16Z<p>Nowits31: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6338Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T10:54:51Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.<br />
<br />
Everest, Kelvin. "Coleridge's Life", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 17-31.<br />
<br />
Beer, John. "Coleridge's Afterlife", in: (ed.) Lucy Newlyn. ''Cambridge Companion to Coleridge''. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002: 231-244.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6336Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T10:23:05Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]<br />
<br />
Bygrave, Stephen. ''Samuel Taylor Coleridge''. Plymouth: Northcote House, 1997.</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6335Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T10:12:02Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 at Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. He then moved to London, where he spent the last eighteen years of his life at Highgate and eventually died in 1834.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6334Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T10:08:48Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 in Highgate, England. <br />
<br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843).<br />
<br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
Between 1795 and 1802 Coleridge experienced the period his major poetic and intellectual development. During that time he spent a year in Germany and became friends with the Wordsworths. When he returned to England he settled in Scotland in the Lake District. In the following years, however, he led a rather miserable life, because the Scottish climate worsened his many chronic healthproblems. Due to this condition he took laudanum and soon became an addict to this opium-like drug. His marriage was failed not only because of his addiction but especially, because he fell in love with Sara Hutchinson, Wordsworth's sister-in-law. His bad health and his emotional distress are reflected in most of his works. After a two-year stay in Malta he got separated from his wife in 1806 and by 1810 the friendship to the Wodsworths had declined, too. Coleridge then moved to London.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6328Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:51:32Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born as the tenth and last child of the vicar of Ottery Saint Mary near Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 in Highgate, England. <br />
His father died in 1782 and he was sent to Christ's Hospital for his school education. Dispte a certain eagerness to study he described his school years as depressing, moping and friendless. In 1791 he entered Jesus College, Cambridge, England. In 1793 Coleridge joined the 15th Light Dragoons, a British cavalry unit, due to financial problems. After his discharge in April 1794, he returned to Jesus College but left in the same year without completing a degree, because of his developing friendship with Robert Southey (1774–1843). <br />
He and his friend both shared the same interest in poetry and dislike for the tradition of a return to the Greek and Latin classics. They were also rather radical in politics, since they developed the vision of a "pantisocracy" - an ideal community - to be founded in America. Their utopian plan, however, never came into being. <br />
In 1795 Coleridge got married to Sara Fricker, who happened to be the sister of Southey's future wife. The relation between Coleridge and Southey, however, was not a life-time friendship.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6327Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:32:29Z<p>Nowits31: /* Major Works */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772 in Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 in Highgate, England.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6326Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:31:47Z<p>Nowits31: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around for example Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772 in Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 in Highgate, England.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6325Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:31:25Z<p>Nowits31: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
One of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around e. g. Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772 in Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 in Highgate, England.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6324Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:31:06Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
<br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was born on the 21st of October in 1772 in Devonshire, England and he died on the 25th of July in 1834 in Highgate, England.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6323Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:28:19Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
1772-1834. <br />
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was one of the major British Romantic poets. The Romatic period is a literary movement characterized by imagination, passion, and the supernatural and thus his works evolve around e. g. Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales.<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6320Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:24:36Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
1772-1834. British Romantic Poet. Wrote about Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/Co-Da/Coleridge-Samuel-Taylor.html]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6319Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:23:56Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
1772-1834. British Romantic Poet. Wrote about Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
[http://www.notablebiographies.com/images/uewb_03_img0195.jpg]</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6318Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:23:02Z<p>Nowits31: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg ]]<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
1772-1834. British Romantic Poet. Wrote about Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=File:Uewb_03_img0195.jpg&diff=6317File:Uewb 03 img0195.jpg2011-01-18T09:21:55Z<p>Nowits31: Samuel Taylor Coleridge</p>
<hr />
<div>Samuel Taylor Coleridge</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge&diff=6316Samuel Taylor Coleridge2011-01-18T09:19:49Z<p>Nowits31: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
1772-1834. British Romantic Poet. Wrote about Ancient Mariners, [[Vampire]]s and Nightingales. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Major Works ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Sources ==</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5897Adam Smith2010-11-29T17:26:11Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
==== The Invisible Hand ====<br />
<br />
Adam Smith uses the metaphor of the "[[invisible hand]]" in Book IV, chapter II, paragraph IX of [[The Wealth of Nations]]. Here Smith more or less argues that a preference of "domestic" industry over "foreign" industry in order to gain individual profit constitutes an "invisible" hand, which supports the interests of the nation at large and at the same time it enriches the individual. The individual may have a self-interested motive for using domistic industry (it is cheeper etc.) but nevertheless, the use of domestic industry and labor promotes the interests of the nation.<br />
<br />
==== [[The Division of Labour]] ====<br />
<br />
Division of labour is the specialization in specific, circumscribed tasks. The production process is broken down into a sequence of stages and workers are assigned to particular stages. Thus a certain process of [[alienation]], as [[Karl Marx]] puts it, is associated with the division of labour. The breaking down of a pruduction process of a product leads to the fact that the individual worker only gets to participate in one stage of the entire process. Thus he never gets to really accomplish a final goal and he never gets to appreciate a final product. Therefore the worker becomes alienated with the product and gets depressed or unstisfied due to endless repetition of one and the same stage without ever enjoying the result of his work.<br />
<br />
In addition to Marx's [[alienation]], the division of labour makes trade necessary and is the source of economic interdependence. It is also closely associated with the growth of total output, the rise of capitalism and the complexity of industrialization processes.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
Haakonssen, Knud. ''The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith''. Cambridge:CUP, 2006.<br />
<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5896Adam Smith2010-11-29T17:25:45Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
==== The Invisible Hand ====<br />
<br />
Adam Smith uses the metaphor of the "[[invisible hand]]" in Book IV, chapter II, paragraph IX of [[The Wealth of Nations]]. Here Smith more or less argues that a preference of "domestic" industry over "foreign" industry in order to gain individual profit constitutes an "invisible" hand, which supports the interests of the nation at large and at the same time it enriches the individual. The individual may have a self-interested motive for using domistic industry (it is cheeper etc.) but nevertheless, the use of domestic industry and labor promotes the interests of the nation.<br />
<br />
==== [[The Division of Labour]] ====<br />
<br />
Division of labour is the specialization in specific, circumscribed tasks. The production process is broken down into a sequence of stages and workers are assigned to particular stages. Thus a certain process of [[alienation]], as [[Karl Marx]] puts it, is associated with the division of labour. The breaking down of a pruduction process of a product leads to the fact that the individual worker only gets to participate in one stage of the entire process. Thus he never gets to really accomplish a final goal and he never gets to appreciate a final product. Therefore the worker becomes alienated with the product and gets depressed or unstisfied due to endless repetition of one and the same stage without ever enjoying the result of his work.<br />
<br />
In addition to Marx's [[alienation]], the division of labour makes trade necessary and is the source of economic interdependence. It is also closely associated with the growth of total output, the rise of capitalism and the complexity of industrialization processes.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
Haakonssen, Knud. ''The Cambridge Compation to Adam Smith''. Cambridge:CUP, 2006.<br />
<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5895Adam Smith2010-11-29T17:19:45Z<p>Nowits31: /* The Division of Labour */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
==== The Invisible Hand ====<br />
<br />
Adam Smith uses the metaphor of the "[[invisible hand]]" in Book IV, chapter II, paragraph IX of [[The Wealth of Nations]]. Here Smith more or less argues that a preference of "domestic" industry over "foreign" industry in order to gain individual profit constitutes an "invisible" hand, which supports the interests of the nation at large and at the same time it enriches the individual. The individual may have a self-interested motive for using domistic industry (it is cheeper etc.) but nevertheless, the use of domestic industry and labor promotes the interests of the nation.<br />
<br />
==== [[The Division of Labour]] ====<br />
<br />
Division of labour is the specialization in specific, circumscribed tasks. The production process is broken down into a sequence of stages and workers are assigned to particular stages. Thus a certain process of [[alienation]], as [[Karl Marx]] puts it, is associated with the division of labour. The breaking down of a pruduction process of a product leads to the fact that the individual worker only gets to participate in one stage of the entire process. Thus he never gets to really accomplish a final goal and he never gets to appreciate a final product. Therefore the worker becomes alienated with the product and gets depressed or unstisfied due to endless repetition of one and the same stage without ever enjoying the result of his work.<br />
<br />
In addition to Marx's [[alienation]], the division of labour makes trade necessary and is the source of economic interdependence. It is also closely associated with the growth of total output, the rise of capitalism and the complexity of industrialization processes.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5894Adam Smith2010-11-29T17:05:10Z<p>Nowits31: /* The Invisible Hand */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
==== The Invisible Hand ====<br />
<br />
Adam Smith uses the metaphor of the "[[invisible hand]]" in Book IV, chapter II, paragraph IX of [[The Wealth of Nations]]. Here Smith more or less argues that a preference of "domestic" industry over "foreign" industry in order to gain individual profit constitutes an "invisible" hand, which supports the interests of the nation at large and at the same time it enriches the individual. The individual may have a self-interested motive for using domistic industry (it is cheeper etc.) but nevertheless, the use of domestic industry and labor promotes the interests of the nation.<br />
<br />
==== The Division of Labour ====<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5893Adam Smith2010-11-29T17:04:16Z<p>Nowits31: /* The Invisible Hand */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
==== [[The Invisible Hand]] ====<br />
<br />
Adam Smith uses the metaphor of the "invisible hand" in Book IV, chapter II, paragraph IX of [[The Wealth of Nations]]. Here Smith more or less argues that a preference of "domestic" industry over "foreign" industry in order to gain individual profit constitutes an "invisible" hand, which supports the interests of the nation at large and at the same time it enriches the individual. The individual may have a self-interested motive for using domistic industry (it is cheeper etc.) but nevertheless, the use of domestic industry and labor promotes the interests of the nation.<br />
<br />
==== The Division of Labour ====<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5892Adam Smith2010-11-29T17:03:35Z<p>Nowits31: /* The Invisible Hand */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
==== The Invisible Hand ====<br />
<br />
Adam Smith uses the metaphor of the "invisible hand" in Book IV, chapter II, paragraph IX of [[The Wealth of Nations]]. Here Smith more or less argues that a preference of "domestic" industry over "foreign" industry in order to gain individual profit constitutes an "invisible" hand, which supports the interests of the nation at large and at the same time it enriches the individual. The individual may have a self-interested motive for using domistic industry (it is cheeper etc.) but nevertheless, the use of domestic industry and labor promotes the interests of the nation.<br />
<br />
==== The Division of Labour ====<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5891Adam Smith2010-11-29T16:57:50Z<p>Nowits31: /* The Wealth of Nations (1776) */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
==== The Invisible Hand ====<br />
<br />
==== The Division of Labour ====<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5890Adam Smith2010-11-29T16:54:29Z<p>Nowits31: /* The Wealth of Nations (1776) */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about does also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5889Adam Smith2010-11-29T16:52:44Z<p>Nowits31: /* The Wealth of Nations (1776) */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
This "society of strangers" is the commercial society that Smith focuses on in [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In this work Smith basically claims that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of the whole society. Self-interest and competition in the free market, he argues, benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. Note that it is also to be understood that the "wealth" Smith talks about did also mean the well-being of the people and thus it not only means their material prosperity but also their moral welfare. Accordingly he puts forward, that to be in poverty also means to be in a miserable condition and commerce means an improvement of human life.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5886Adam Smith2010-11-29T16:29:07Z<p>Nowits31: /* Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
Smith explains the natural human sociability by linking society to a mirror. The response of others, their approval or their disapproval, causes pleasure or pain to the individual. Smith claims furthermore, that this is the reason, why the rich show off their wealth and the poor hide their poverty. The rich value their wealth for the esteem it brings and the desire for esteem or so to say the better status is what drievs people to better their condition or so to say their "self-interest". This is one of the connections between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]]. In many ways the moral interactions Smith describes in the former form the groundwork for the practices that characterise the economic society in the later. The complexity of that society in part derives from the fact that the bulk of inter-social relations were with strangers.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5877Adam Smith2010-11-29T16:07:11Z<p>Nowits31: /* Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection, is the human relationships within a society. It is a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology and sociology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, whereas [[The Wealth of Nations]] is emphasizing a different aspect (namely modern economics) from a different point of view.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5876Adam Smith2010-11-29T16:01:14Z<p>Nowits31: /* Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
[[The Wealth of Nations]] is generally regarded as Smith's main and most influential work, Smith himself however is said to have considered [[The Theory of Moral Sentiments]] a superior and more important work.<br />
In this theory he critically examines the moral thinking of his times and he argues that conscience or moral sentiment arises from social relationships. Thus the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgements, in spite of a natural inclination towards self-interest and self-protection is relations within a society. Smith suggests a theory of human sympathy, in which the act of observing others causes empathy and makes people aware of themselves, of others in their environment and hence of the morality of their own behavior with regard to others.<br />
Some scholars argue that there is a conflict between the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] and [[The Wealth of Nations]], because the former focuses on the concept of sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the concept of self-interest. However, most recent scholars of Smith's works argue that there is no such paradox with regard to Smith's overall philosophy. Simply the [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] is a theory of psychology, in which individuals seek the approval and empathy of the people around them, which is a natural desire. [[The Wealth of Nations]] however is simply emphasizing a different aspect, namely modern economics.<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5875Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:40:48Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born/ baptised in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5874Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:37:33Z<p>Nowits31: /* Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819) inventor of the steam engine) and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
=== [[Theory of Moral Sentiments]] (1759) ===<br />
<br />
=== [[The Wealth of Nations]] (1776) ===<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5873Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:34:32Z<p>Nowits31: /* Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Theories of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819)inventor of the steam engine)and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5872Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:33:16Z<p>Nowits31: /* Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the [[Scottish Enlightenment]] (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819)inventor of the steam engine)and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5871Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:32:48Z<p>Nowits31: /* Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819)inventor of the steam engine)and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5870Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:31:52Z<p>Nowits31: /* Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adam Smith is one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment (as well as for example [[Robert Burns]] (1759-1796) poet, [[David Hume]]] (1711-1776) philosopher and historian and [[James Watt]] (1736-1819)inventor of the steam engine)and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5869Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:23:16Z<p>Nowits31: /* Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
Generally it should be noted that Adfam Smithwas one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment and that he is widely cited as the father of modern economics and capitalism.<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5868Adam Smith2010-11-29T15:21:08Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Between 1748 and 1751 he lectured at Edinburgh University (rhetoric, writing and progress of opulence). Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
''in progress''<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5866Adam Smith2010-11-29T14:47:06Z<p>Nowits31: /* Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
''in progress''<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith<br />
<br />
http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/monografia/smith/</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5865Adam Smith2010-11-29T14:45:13Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography of Adam Smith */</p>
<hr />
<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
<br />
== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
<br />
''in progress''<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
<br />
http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith</div>Nowits31https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Adam_Smith&diff=5863Adam Smith2010-11-29T14:43:36Z<p>Nowits31: /* Biography of Adam Smith */</p>
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<div>(1723 – 1790) Scottish philosopher and political economist. Known today mainly for his treatise on the economy, ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' (1776), which promoted economic liberalism (leaving everything to the "invisible hand" and not interfering by means of laws).<br />
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== Biography of Adam Smith ==<br />
The Scottish, moral philosopher and political economist Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Scotland on the 16th of June in 1723. He matriculated to study at the University of Glasgow in 1737 at the early (for that time not unusual) age of fourteen. He studied logic, metaphysics, maths as well as Newtonian physics and moral philosophy under some of the leading scholars of his time. In 1740 Smith was awarded a scholarship to study at Balliol College, Oxford. Smith returned to Glasgow University as Professor of Logic in 1751 and a year later as Professor of Moral Philosophy, a post he held until he left academia in 1764. Smith left academia in order to accompany the young Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch and stepson to Charles Townshend, as a tutor on his "Grand Tour" through Europe (1764-1766). This was not only a post that would secure Smith an annual pension of 300 Pounds Sterling but in addition to that Smith would meet many personalities that would influence his works profoundly such as National Economist Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, François Quesnay,Voltaire and David Hume. Smith most famous works are the ''[[Theory of Moral Sentiments]]'', which appeared in 1759 and drew on his lectures, and ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'', which was published in 1776. He moved to Edinburgh when he was appointed commissioner of customs in Scotland in 1778. From 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. Adam Smith died in Edinburgh on the 17th of July in 1790 due to a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed he expressed personal disappointment that he had not achieved more.<br />
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[[File:Smith340.jpg]]<br />
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== Key Arguments and Themes of Adam Smith ==<br />
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''in progress''<br />
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== Sources ==<br />
http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH0016&type=P<br />
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http://www.gla.ac.uk/about/history/fame/adamsmith/<br />
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith</div>Nowits31