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Richard Cromwell

2013-06-30T21:56:10Z

Valeria: typo

4 October 1626-12 July 1712. Son of [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]]. He followed in his father's footsteps as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1658, but only held this position until 1659.

He was the third son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife Elizabeth Bourchier. During the [[Civil War]], he fought in the parliamentary army, but remained mostly in the background. He married Dorothy, the daughter of Richard Mayor, in 1649 and had nine children with her of whom five died shortly after birth. When his father became Lord Protector in 1653, he was elected to the [[House of Commons]] and served as Justice of the Peace, but again did not play an important role in politics. Overall, he did not show his father's ability or interests for politics and rather spent his time doing sports and hunting. It was only in 1657, when Oliver had the power to choose his own successor that he began to make his son more and more publicly known.

Since his two older brothers had died early, Richard was nominated Lord Protector after his father died on 3 September 1658. However, he lacked the experience and the will to maintain this position. He also did not succeed in gaining his men's trust, when he e.e. took charge of the army himself and thus offended his officers who wanted a more experienced man to lead the army. In addition, the Protectorate was deeply indebted and unpopular among its people, with a struggle for power forming between Parliament and the army.

On April 21, 1659, Richard was forced to dissolve Parliament after the army had taken power. Though he remained Lord Protector in name, the army was in power now and Richard was sent to Whitehall Palace where he lived under house arrest. Meanwhile, the officers recalled the [[Rump Parliament]]. On 7 May 1659, parliament voted for the abolishment of the Protectorate and on 25 May, Richard abdicated. This might have led to a possible 'power vacuum' in the population, with no one to lead the country. So shortly after, Charles II was restored to the throne. Shortly after, Richard went into exile, leaving his wife and children behind, but returned to England 20 years later, where he lived until he died in 1712.

== Sources ==

* Cavendish, Richard. "Richard Cromwell Resigns as Lord Protector." ''History Today'' 59.5 (2009): 12.

* Coward, Barry. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate''. Manchester, UK: Manchester UP, 2002.

* McMains, H. F. ''The Death of Oliver Cromwell''. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, 2000.

* Morrill, John S. "Richard Cromwell." ''Britannica Online Encyclopedia''. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 30 June 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143866/Richard-Cromwell>.

* Plant, David. "Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 1626-1712." ''British-civil-wars.co.uk''. 22 Mar. 2007. Web. 30 June 2013. <http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm>

Richard Cromwell

2013-06-30T21:51:01Z

Valeria:

4 October 1626-12 July 1712. Son of [[Lord Protector]] [[Oliver Cromwell]]. He followed in his father's footsteps as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1658, but only held this position until 1659.

He was the third son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife Elizabeth Bourchier. During the [[Civil War]], he fought in the parliamentary army, but remained mostly in the background. He married Dorothy, the daughter of Richard Mayor, in 1649 and had nine children with her of whom five died shortly after birth. When his father became Lord Protector in 1653, he was elected to the [[House of Commons]] and served as Justice of the Peace, but again did not play an important role in politics. Overall, he did not show his father's ability or interests for politics and rather spent his time doing sports and hunting. It was only in 1657, when Oliver had the power to choose his own successor that he began to make his son more and more publicly known.

Since his two older brothers had died early, Richard was nominated Lord Protector after his father died on 3 September 1658. However, he lacked the experience and the will to maintain this position. He also did not succeed in gaining his men's trust, when he e.e. took charge of the army himself and thus offended his officers who wanted a more experienced man to lead the army. In addition, the Protectorate was deeply indebted and unpopular among its people, with a struggle for power forming between Parliament and the army.

On April 21, 1659, Richard was forced to dissolve Parliament after the army had taken power. Though he remained Lord Protector in name, the army was in power now and Richard was sent to Whitehall Palace where he lived under house arrest. Meanwhile, the officers recalled the [[Rump Parliament]]. On 7 May 1659, parliament voted for the abolishment of the Protectorate and on 25 May, Richard abdicated. This might have lead to a possible 'power vacuum' in the population, with no one to lead the country. So shortly after, Charles II was restored to the throne. Shortly after, Richard went into exile, leaving his wife and children behind, but returned to England 20 years later, where he lived until he died in 1712.

== Sources ==

* Cavendish, Richard. "Richard Cromwell Resigns as Lord Protector." ''History Today'' 59.5 (2009): 12.

* Coward, Barry. ''The Cromwellian Protectorate''. Manchester, UK: Manchester UP, 2002.

* McMains, H. F. ''The Death of Oliver Cromwell''. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky, 2000.

* Morrill, John S. "Richard Cromwell." ''Britannica Online Encyclopedia''. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 30 June 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/143866/Richard-Cromwell>.

* Plant, David. "Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector, 1626-1712." ''British-civil-wars.co.uk''. 22 Mar. 2007. Web. 30 June 2013. <http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/richard-cromwell.htm>

Nahum Tate

2013-06-30T21:31:23Z

Valeria:

1652-1715. Irish playwright and third Poet Laureate. Infamous for his adaptation of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s King Lear. Unjustly forgotten as author of the libretto of Dido and Aeneas. Ridiculed by [[Alexander Pope]] in ''The Dunciad'' as writing "prose run mad".

He was born in Dublin in 1652 as the son of Faithful Teate, a Puritan clergyman and Katherine Kenetie Teate. After he graduated from Trinity College in 1672, he moved to London where he was patronized by the Earl of Dorset and wrote for a living.
In 1692, he was awarded with the post of post of poet laureate by King [[William III]] and thus succeeded [[John Dryden]] and [[Thomas Shadwell]].

He is best known for his adaptations of Shakespeare's plays, most of all his King Lear (1687) in which Cordelia survived and married in the end. Though heavily criticized, his version of the play was shown in theaters until the 19th century. Among Shakespeare's plays, which had been adapted by Tate, were also Richard II and Coriolanus.

He collaborated with writers such as Dryden - with whom he wrote the second part of Absalom and Achitophel in 1682 - and Nicholas Brady, with whom he wrote his new version of the Psalms (1696), which was widely used in the Anglican Church until the 19th century. Other works by Nahum Tate were “The Loyal General,” “Brutus of Alba,” “The Island Princess” (adapted from [[John Fletcher]]), a Christmas carol called “While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks by Night” and the libretto for [[Henry Purcell]]'s Dido and Aeneas. He also wrote several poems of which most are now forgotten.

He died, heavily indebted, on August 12, 1715 in London and was buried at St. Paul’s Cathedral.

== Sources ==

* Corman, Brian. "Nahum Tate". ''The Literary Encyclopedia''. 11 August 2003. 30 June 2013. <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4317>.

* Eusden, Laurence, Colley Cibber, and Peter Heaney, eds. ''Selected Writings of the Laureate Dunces, Nahum Tate (laureate 1692-1715), Laurence Eusden (1718-1730), and Colley Cibber (1730-1757)''. Lewiston: E. Mellen, 1999. Print.

* Library Ireland. "Nahum Tate." ''Library Ireland''. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 June 2013. <http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/NahumTate.php>.

* Shakespeare, William. ''The History of King Lear''. Ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000.

Nahum Tate

2013-06-30T21:26:21Z

Valeria:

1652-1715. Irish playwright and third Poet Laureate. Infamous for his adaptation of Shakespeare's King Lear. Unjustly forgotten as author of the libretto of Dido and Aeneas. Ridiculed by Alexander Pope in The Dunciad as writing "prose run mad".

He was born in Dublin in 1652 as the son of Faithful Teate, a Puritan clergyman and Katherine Kenetie Teate. After he graduated from Trinity College in 1672, he moved to London where he was patronized by the Earl of Dorset and wrote for a living.
In 1692, he was awarded with the post of post of poet laureate by King William III and thus succeeded John Dryden and Thomas Shadwell.

He is best known for his adaptations of Shakespeare‘s plays, most of all his King Lear (1687) in which Cordelia survived and married in the end. Though heavily criticized, his version of the play was shown in theaters until the 19th century. Among Shakespeare's plays, which had been adapted by Tate, were also Richard II and Coriolanus.

He collaborated with writers such as Dryden - with whom he wrote the second part of Absalom and Achitophel in 1682 - and Nicholas Brady, with whom he wrote his new version of the Psalms (1696), which was widely used in the Anglican Church until the 19th century. Other works by Nahum Tate were “The Loyal General,” “Brutus of Alba,” “The Island Princess” (adapted from John Fletcher), a Christmas carol called “While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks by Night” and the libretto for Henry Purcell's Dido and Aeneas. He also wrote several poems of which most are now forgotten.

He died, heavily indebted, on August 12, 1715 in London and was buried at St. Paul’s Cathedral.

== Sources ==

* Corman, Brian. "Nahum Tate". ''The Literary Encyclopedia''. 11 August 2003. 30 June 2013. <http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4317>.

* Eusden, Laurence, Colley Cibber, and Peter Heaney, eds. ''Selected Writings of the Laureate Dunces, Nahum Tate (laureate 1692-1715), Laurence Eusden (1718-1730), and Colley Cibber (1730-1757)''. Lewiston: E. Mellen, 1999. Print.

* Library Ireland. "Nahum Tate." ''Library Ireland''. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 June 2013. <http://www.libraryireland.com/biography/NahumTate.php>.

* Shakespeare, William. ''The History of King Lear''. Ed. Stanley Wells and Gary Taylor. Oxford: Clarendon, 2000.

Nahum Tate

2013-06-30T21:10:54Z

Valeria:

Nahum Tate

2013-06-30T21:10:02Z

Valeria:

1652-1715. Irish playwright and third Poet Laureate. Infamous for his adaptation of Shakespeare's King Lear. Unjustly forgotten as author of the libretto of Dido and Aeneas. Ridiculed by Alexander Pope in The Dunciad as writing "prose run mad".

He was born in Dublin in 1652 as the son of Faithful Teate, a Puritan clergyman and Katherine Kenetie Teate. After he graduated from Trinity College in 1672, he moved to London where he was patronized by the Earl of Dorset and wrote for a living.

In 1692, he was awarded with the post of post of poet laureate by King William III and thus succeeded John Dryden and Thomas Shadwell.

He is best known for his adaptations of Shakespeare‘s plays, most of all his King Lear (1687) in which Cordelia survived and married in the end. Though heavily criticized, his version of the play was shown in theaters until the 19th century. Among Shakespeare's plays, which had been adapted by Tate, were also Richard II and Coriolanus.

He collaborated with writers such as Dryden - with whom he wrote the second part of Absalom and Achitophel in 1682 - and Nicholas Brady, with whom he wrote his new version of the Psalms (1696), which was widely used in the Anglican Church until the 19th century. Other works by Nahum Tate were “The Loyal General,” “Brutus of Alba,” “The Island Princess” (adapted from John Fletcher) and a Christmas carol called “While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks by Night.” He also wrote several poems of which most are now forgotten.

He died, heavily indebted, on August 12, 1715 in London and was buried at St. Paul’s Cathedral.

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[[Category:Expansion]]

Catherine Howard

2013-01-13T16:47:38Z

Valeria:

c. 1518–1524-February 13 1542. Fifth wife of king [[Henry VIII|Henry VIII of England]]. She married him July 28 1540 and was beheaded after two years.

Catherine's date of birth is unknown, but dated between 1518 and 1524. She was a daughter of Edmund Howard who in turn was a brother of the Duke of Norfolk, [[Thomas Howard]]. Catherine was raised in the household of the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk.

Although she was poor, her good family name of Howard let her become one of the ladies-in-waiting to [[Anne of Cleves]], Henry's fourth wife. Catherine quickly caught Henry's attention, which her uncle saw as an opportunity to gain more influence over the king. It is also assumed that Catherine had more sexual experience than Henry's other wives, which made her interesting for him. After Henry divorced Anne and [[Thomas Cromwell|Cromwell]] had been executed, they married.
Their marriage was on July 28, 1540 and Henry probably thought that he had finally found his ideal wife. This marriage made the Howards the most influential family in England. Catherine was never formally crowned Queen of England, however.

Catherine's behavior led to a moral uproar when she tried to cheat on her husband several times: When Henry fell ill in 1541; Catherine started an affair with Thomas Culpeper, one of her mother's cousins, who was also a courtier of Henry. After Henry and Catherine returned from their progress through the north of the country, the rumors about Catherine's infidelity eventually reached Henry.

During his investigations, Henry learned about Catherine's former engagement with Francis Dereham, a man in her grandmother's household she had fallen in love with around 1538. Dereham also confirmed that Catherine had an affair with Culpeper. Following these confessions, Catherine was arrested on 12 November and on November 22, she lost her title as Queen. On 10 December, Dereham and Culpeper were executed. Catherine was executed on February 13, 1542 on the Tower Green within the [[Tower of London]] after being queen for only eighteen months and having no children with Henry.

== Sources ==

* Baldwin Smith, Lacey. ''Catherine Howard: The Queen Whose Adulteries Made a Fool of Henry VIII.'' Chalford: Amberley, 2009.

* Eakins, Lara E. "Kathryn Howard." ''Kathryn Howard''. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. <http://tudorhistory.org/howard/>.

* Englishhistory.net. "Catherine Howard: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources." ''Catherine Howard: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources''. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2012. <http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/howard.html>.

* Loades, David M. ''The Tudor Queens of England.'' London: Continuum, 2009.

* Weir, Alison. ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII.'' New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

Catherine Howard

2013-01-13T16:46:08Z

Valeria:

Catherine Howard

2012-10-23T00:05:25Z

Valeria:

Catherine Howard (born ca 1518–1524, died February 13 1542) was the fifth wife of king Henry VII of England. She married Henry VIII on July 28 1540 and was beheaded after two years being married.

(still in progress)

Catherine Howard

2012-10-22T21:02:25Z

Valeria: Created page with 'Catherine Howard (born ca 1518–1524, died February 13 1542) was the fifth wife of king Henry VII of England. She married Henry VIII on July 28 1540 and was beheaded after two y…'

Catherine Howard (born ca 1518–1524, died February 13 1542) was the fifth wife of king Henry VII of England. She married Henry VIII on July 28 1540 and was beheaded after two years being married.