British Culture - User contributions [en]

User:Liaqua

2023-10-26T18:48:52Z

WikiSysop: Created page with "Hello, please note that there is already an article on "Angel in the House". Please let us know if we can be of any help to find an appropriate topic. Kind regards alexander.meusel@rub.de"

Hello,

please note that there is already an article on "Angel in the House". Please let us know if we can be of any help to find an appropriate topic.

Kind regards
alexander.meusel@rub.de

Main Page

2023-10-05T08:58:50Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Pilgrimage.png|700px|center|From Gustave Doré, London: A Pilgrimage]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Laws'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Factory Acts]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Ballot Act]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Battles'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Battle of Waterloo]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Battle of Trafalgar]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Crimean War]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''People'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Victoria]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Charles Darwin]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Oscar Wilde]]
|-
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2023-10-05T08:48:54Z

WikiSysop:

[[File:Pilgrimage.png|700px|center|From Gustave Doré, London: A Pilgrimage]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Laws'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Clarendon Code]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Toleration Act]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Test Acts]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Groups'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Quakers]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Fifth Monarchy Men]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Ranters]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''People'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Isaac Newton]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Robert Hooke]]
|-
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2023-10-05T08:46:45Z

WikiSysop:

[[File:Pilgrimage.png|700px|center]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Laws'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Clarendon Code]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Toleration Act]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Test Acts]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Groups'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Quakers]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Fifth Monarchy Men]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Ranters]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''People'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Isaac Newton]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Robert Hooke]]
|-
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

File:Pilgrimage.png

2023-10-05T08:43:59Z

WikiSysop:

Doré

James Boswell

2023-07-03T21:12:54Z

WikiSysop:

James Boswell was born in an Scottish aristrocatic family on 18th October, 1740.

He was forced to study in Law to fulfill his judge father's wish. Though he was a successful lawyer by profession, but later became famous for his biography ''The Life of Samual Johnson'' published in 1791. Johnson and Boswell, these two bossom friends met each other on 16th May, 1763, just one year after Boswell shifted to London. After Johnson's death in 1784, Boswell decided to compile his famous friend's writings, papers and his own experience with him travelling to different places and turned it into a biography. This book gave him the title of 'the great Biographer' because of the unique representation of the various sides of Johnson. This book is also admired as 'the greatest biography in English language'.

His straighforward and honest view of the eighteenth society, culture and elite literary figures became the public interest after the publication of his London Journal of 1762-1763, which was discovered in 1920. His acknowledgement as a diarist turned into a travel book writer after the publication of 'Account of Corsica (translated into four languages), The Journal of a Tour to That Island, and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli' in 1768. Another famous travel piece of Boswell is 'Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides'. His other famous works are 'Dorando, a Spanish Tale', 'The Hypochondriack (essays)' etc. James Boswell's name is a referred in cultural memory 'who records the observations in a very detailed way'.

Just after four years of the publication of his most famous work, on 19 May, 1795, at the age of 55 he died in London due to illness.

'''Works Cited'''

1. Beveridge, Allan. “Talking about Madness and Melancholy: Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, vol. 19, no. 5, Sept. 2013, pp. 392–398.

2. Pottle, Frederick A.. "James Boswell". Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 May. 2023, https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Boswell. Accessed 2 July 2023.

3. STENTON, ALISON "Boswell, James (1740–1795) ." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. . Encyclopedia.com. 29 Jun. 2023 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.

4. Team, National Records of Scotland Web. “National Records of Scotland.” National Records of Scotland, 31 May 2013, www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/hall-of-fame/hall-of-fame-a-z/boswell-james. Accessed 2 July 2023.

James Boswell

2023-06-30T08:50:07Z

WikiSysop:

James Boswell was born in an Scottish aristrocatic family on 18th October, 1740. He was forced to study in Law to fulfill his father's wish. Though he was a successful lawyer by profession, but later became famous for his biography ''The Life of Samual Johnson'' published in 1791. Johnson and Boswell, these two bossom friends met each other on 16th May, 1763, just one year after Boswell shifted to London. After Johnson's death in 1784, Boswell decided to compile his famous friend's writings, papers and his own experience with him travelling to different places and turned it into a biography. This book gave him the title of 'the great Biographer' because of the unique representation of the various sides of Johnson.

His straighforward and honest view of the eighteenth society, culture and elite literary figures became the public interest after the publication of his London Journal of 1762-1763. His acknowledgement as a diarist turned into a travel book writer after the publication of 'Account of Corsica, The Journal of a Tour to That Island, and Memoirs of Pascal Paoli' in 1768. Another famous travel piece of Boswell is 'Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides'. His other famous works are 'Dorando, a Spanish Tale', 'The Hypochondriack (essays)' etc.
Just after four years of the publication of his most famous work, on 19 May, 1795, at the age of 55 he died in London.

'''Works Cited'''

1. “National Records of Scotland.” National Records of Scotland, 31 May 2013, www.nrscotland.gov.uk.

2. STENTON, ALISON "Boswell, James (1740–1795) ." Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. . Encyclopedia.com. 25 May. 2023 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.

3. Beveridge, Allan. “Talking about Madness and Melancholy: Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, vol. 19, no. 5, Sept. 2013, pp. 392–398.

Main Page

2023-04-03T06:59:26Z

WikiSysop:

[[File:Bees.png|center|350px]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Laws'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Clarendon Code]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Toleration Act]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Test Acts]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Groups'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Quakers]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Fifth Monarchy Men]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Ranters]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''People'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Isaac Newton]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Robert Hooke]]
|-
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

File:Bees.png

2023-04-03T06:55:14Z

WikiSysop:

NoDesc

Thomas Bludworth

2023-01-18T11:41:30Z

WikiSysop:

Lord Mayor of London. Claim to fame due to his role in the Great Fire of London (1666).

On the day the fire broke out, he did not know that what he was going to utter about the fire was going to be a derogatory phrase and he was going to be remembered by the following generations with this phrase: "Pish! A woman might piss it out!" (Johnson). However, he was wrong.

Later, he wrote to Joseph Williamson that it was "the severest year ever man had" upon the Plague and the Great Fire of London (Cruickshanks). What Pepys also wrote about the Mayor when he met him in Cannon Street may be regarded as a sign of his despair: "At last met my lord mayor in Cannon Street, like a man spent, with a handkerchief about his neck. To the King’s message, he cried, like a fainting woman, "Lord, what can I do? I am spent: people will not obey me. I have been pulling down houses, but the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it" (Pepys 288).

The blame was put on Thomas Bloodworth as the fire caused extensive destruction in London and the Mayor was believed to underestimate the fire. On the other hand, there is also the perspective that "the Mayor was bound by protocol" and he needed the permission of Charles II to demolish the buidings (Hayle). He may be considered to be the villain of the catastrophic incident now, but if he had taken initiative to break the rules of the political procedure he may be regarded as the hero today (Hayle).

'''Works Cited'''

Cruickshanks, Eveline. "Bludworth, Thomas (1620-82), of Gracechurch Street, London and Thorncroft, Leatherhead, Surr." ''The History of Parliament'' https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/bludworth-thomas-1620-82. Accessed 7 January 2023.

Green, Mathew. "Lost in the Great Fire: Which London Buildings Disappeared in the 1666 Blaze?" ''The Guardian'', 30 August 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/30/great-fire-of-london-1666-350th-anniversary-which-buildings-disappeared. Accessed 7 January 2023.

Hayle, Joanne. "Sir Thomas Bloodworth and the Great Fire of London: Villain or Scapegoat?" ''Owlcation'', 15 June 2022, https://owlcation.com/humanities/Sir-Thomas-Bloodworth-and-the-Great-Fire-of-London-Villain-or-Scapegoat. Accessed 7 January 2023.

Johnson, Ben. "The Great Fire of London." ''Historic UK'', https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/The-Great-Fire-of-London/. Accessed 6 January 2023.

Pepys, Samuel. ''Diary of Samuel Pepys'', edited by J. Bumpus,Princeton University, 2008.

Thomas Harrison

2023-01-17T23:29:44Z

WikiSysop:

General Thomas Harrison was born in Newcastle in 1606. He died at the age of 54 in London. He was a solicitor, a general through the civil war in England and a leading republican in the era of restoration.

'''Life until death date'''

Harrison was a son of wealthy parents, and he studied law in his first life period. By the start of the civil war in 1641, he decided to take part of the parliament and became a general in lots of battles. For the republicans he was a hero of civil war. Subsequently, he took the role as the leader of the fifth monarchy sect (a puritan sect, which believed in the coming of christ and their role as rulers until he will come. Later they followed the Oliver Cromwell forces). Thus, Harrison was against the monarchy reign of Charles I. Charles I involved religion to much in his reign. After Harrison was elected in the long parliament in 1646, he took his chance and signed the death warrant of Charles the first. The monarchy was temporary abolished. An action which should still pay off. It made him a regicide. However, Oliver Cromwell became the power of the followed commonwealth and Harrison was initially a supporter of him. Harrison fought his whole life for the right that the politics did not rule over the church. After the commonwealth era had gone, the monarchy came back with the son of Karl I, Karl II in 1659. Harrisons past caught up with him. Karl II would have revenge for his father’s death.

'''The death date'''

Thomas Harrison got arrested in 1960 as a regicide. In contrast to the other 58 regicides who signed the warrant, stood Harrison to his religious and political behaviour. He was the first one who got executed, on 13th October 1660. Firstly, the executioner tied him up at a horse and dragged him through the streets of London, on his death date. After that he was hang drawn and quartered. It was a public event and his physical remains were shown to hundreds of people. A legend said that he reared up with his last power and slapped his executioner. Samuel Pepys was an eyewitness at the execution and wrote an diary entry, in which he said that Harrison looked cheerful and composedly at his execution. He was at peace with himself.

Thomas Harrison a hero in war and a person which stood for his actions. He really believed in the English Revolution Era.

'''Sources'''

Farr, David. Major-General Thomas Harrison Millenarianism, Fifth Monarchism and the English Revolution 1616-1660. Taylor and Francis, 2016.
Thehistorysquad, director. Grisly Execution of Thomas Harrison, Hanged Drawn & Quartered. YouTube, YouTube, 1 June 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsOYpos1dq8.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Harrison
“Encyclopedia.” The Diary of Samuel Pepys, https://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/1424/.

CREATE THE ARTICLE

2023-01-17T23:29:30Z

WikiSysop: WikiSysop moved page CREATE THE ARTICLE to Thomas Harrison

#REDIRECT [[Thomas Harrison]]

Thomas Harrison

2023-01-17T23:29:30Z

WikiSysop: WikiSysop moved page CREATE THE ARTICLE to Thomas Harrison

== Thomas Harrison ==

General Thomas Harrison was born in Newcastle in 1606. He died at the age of 54 in London. He was a solicitor, a general through the civil war in England and a leading republican in the era of restoration.

'''Life until death date'''

Harrison was a son of wealthy parents, and he studied law in his first life period. By the start of the civil war in 1641, he decided to take part of the parliament and became a general in lots of battles. For the republicans he was a hero of civil war. Subsequently, he took the role as the leader of the fifth monarchy sect (a puritan sect, which believed in the coming of christ and their role as rulers until he will come. Later they followed the Oliver Cromwell forces). Thus, Harrison was against the monarchy reign of Charles I. Charles I involved religion to much in his reign. After Harrison was elected in the long parliament in 1646, he took his chance and signed the death warrant of Charles the first. The monarchy was temporary abolished. An action which should still pay off. It made him a regicide. However, Oliver Cromwell became the power of the followed commonwealth and Harrison was initially a supporter of him. Harrison fought his whole life for the right that the politics did not rule over the church. After the commonwealth era had gone, the monarchy came back with the son of Karl I, Karl II in 1659. Harrisons past caught up with him. Karl II would have revenge for his father’s death.

'''The death date'''

Thomas Harrison got arrested in 1960 as a regicide. In contrast to the other 58 regicides who signed the warrant, stood Harrison to his religious and political behaviour. He was the first one who got executed, on 13th October 1660. Firstly, the executioner tied him up at a horse and dragged him through the streets of London, on his death date. After that he was hang drawn and quartered. It was a public event and his physical remains were shown to hundreds of people. A legend said that he reared up with his last power and slapped his executioner. Samuel Pepys was an eyewitness at the execution and wrote an diary entry, in which he said that Harrison looked cheerful and composedly at his execution. He was at peace with himself.

Thomas Harrison a hero in war and a person which stood for his actions. He really believed in the English Revolution Era.

'''Sources'''

Farr, David. Major-General Thomas Harrison Millenarianism, Fifth Monarchism and the English Revolution 1616-1660. Taylor and Francis, 2016.
Thehistorysquad, director. Grisly Execution of Thomas Harrison, Hanged Drawn & Quartered. YouTube, YouTube, 1 June 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsOYpos1dq8.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Harrison
“Encyclopedia.” The Diary of Samuel Pepys, https://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/1424/.

Talk:Barbara Villiers

2023-01-17T10:17:39Z

WikiSysop:

Please format your source according to MLA style and check for typos.

"Barbra Villiers (1640-1709).Aka Lady Castlemaine. The first official and at the same time one of the most important mistresses of Charles II.A lady of great ambition for luxury and extravagancy; that managed to reach a position of high power with her witty brains and distinguished beauty. "

Misspelt first name, missing spaces after fullstop, suspicious phrasing.

Barbara Villiers

2023-01-17T10:16:31Z

WikiSysop:

Barbra Villiers (1640-1709).Aka Lady Castlemaine. The first official and at the same time one of the most important mistresses of [[Charles II]].A lady of great ambition for luxury and extravagancy; that managed to reach a position of high power with her witty brains and distinguished beauty.

'''LIFE'''

Born at Saint Margret's West Minister as an only child to William Villiers(second Viscount Grandison) and his wife Marry Bayning (co-heiress of Paul Bayning). Orphaned at the age of three with her and her mother left with nothing to sustain themselves, after her father's death. This lead her mother to marry Charles Villiers her late husband's cousin(second Earl of Anglesey). Her family's loyalty was to king[[ Charles I]] until his execution in 1649 ,then shifted secretly to his son king [[Charles II]], prince of Wales at the time. At the age of 15 Barbra moved to London where she made it a habit to form close relationships with young males members of the royalty .On the 14th of April 1659 at the age of 19 Barbra married Roger Palmer who later became the Earl of Castlemaine thanks to his wife's affair with the king .By the end of that year the two sailed together to Brussels.

'''LOVE AFFAIRS'''

Barbra and her husband Palmer traveled to the Hague to pledge alliance to king [[Charles II]]. By 1660 Barbra and king Charles had already began their affair. The lady of Castlemaine was said to have a great influence on the king that she was claimed to be the real unofficial queen. She had six kids but only five of them were declared by king Charles as his. Her first born was a son that she gave birth to in 1662 the same time she was given the position the lady of the bedchamber ,a title that she was proud of .Through the period of her relationship with the king she has received many gifts including her being made the duchess of Cleveland. Yet being with the king didn't restrain her from having other lovers as did the king. This includes her second cousin John Churchill. After experiencing some turbulences in her relationship with the king she rekindled with him as she is said to have spent an evening with him a week before he died in 1685. The Duchess who was 45 years old at the time ,had a love affair with Cardonell Goodman which resulted in the birth of a son.

'''LAST YEARS AND DEATH'''

In 1705, after her husband Palmer's death, she married Major General Robert Fielding but that marriage wasn't in her favor as her husband's treatment was considered ill and barbarous due to the fact that he was a greedy fortune hunter. In the year of 1909 on the 9th of October in the Walpole house Barbra died at the age of 68 after a sequence of health deterioration signs including dropsy and eventually a heart failure. But never the less the lady still lives on in many portraits, including that of the famous painter Peter Lely, and literature as one of the most powerful beauties of the royalist women. Her story has also been adapted in many modern medias still adapt her story in theater, films, and television.

'''Resources'''
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Palmer,_1st_Duchess_of_Cleveland
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Barbara-Villiers-Duchess-of-Cleveland
https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofEngland/Barbara-Villiers/

[[Category:Expansion]]

Talk:Barbara Villiers

2023-01-17T10:16:06Z

WikiSysop: Created page with "Please format your source according to MLA style and check for typos."

Please format your source according to MLA style and check for typos.

Talk:Rye House Plot

2023-01-16T08:49:45Z

WikiSysop: Created page with "Please adapt the introduction to avoid plagiarism. Where you write "The Rye House Plot of 1683 was a failed scheme to assassinate King Charles II of England as well as his heir, his brother James, the Duke of York (eventually James II)," other sources state "the Rye House Plot, which was a plan to assassinate King Charles II and his brother James (heir to the throne)" – or "The Rye House Plot of 1683 was a plan to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother..."

Please adapt the introduction to avoid plagiarism. Where you write "The Rye House Plot of 1683 was a failed scheme to assassinate King Charles II of England as well as his heir, his brother James, the Duke of York (eventually James II)," other sources state "the Rye House Plot, which was a plan to assassinate King Charles II and his brother James (heir to the throne)" – or "The Rye House Plot of 1683 was a plan to assassinate King Charles II of England and his brother (and heir to the throne) James, Duke of York" (Wikipedia). There are only so many ways to succinctly describe the circumstances in an introduction, but the overlap is too big.

Talk:Thomas Bludworth

2023-01-16T08:47:06Z

WikiSysop:

Please adapt to avoid plagiarism.
E.g., regarding the part
When the fire started, he was woken up to be informed about the fire and he uttered "Pish! A woman might piss it out!" (Johnson).
You indicated Johnson as a source, but the whole sentence is taken more or less verbatim from Johnson and others.

Also this part presupposes some things and needs a better introduction: "It may also be observed from what Pepys wrote about him when he met the Mayor in Cannon Street"

Please also compare with other articles and format the sources normally and according to MLA. No boxes necessary.

Talk:Thomas Bludworth

2023-01-16T08:44:48Z

WikiSysop: Created page with "Please adapt to avoid plagiarism. E.g., regarding the part When the fire started, he was woken up to be informed about the fire and he uttered "Pish! A woman might piss it out!" (Johnson). You indicated Johnson as a source, but the whole sentence is taken more or less verbatim from Johnson and others."

Way of The World

2023-01-06T08:47:25Z

WikiSysop: WikiSysop moved page Way of The World to Way of the World

#REDIRECT [[Way of the World]]

Way of the World

2023-01-06T08:47:25Z

WikiSysop: WikiSysop moved page Way of The World to Way of the World

Fourth and last comedy of [[William Congreve]], first performed in 1700. By modern critics, ''The Way of the World'' is regarded as Congreve’s best work, among other things because of its thematic complexity, its brilliant character creation and its stylistic grandeur. By his contemporaries, however, the play was received in a lukewarm way. It was far less successful than Congreve’s previous comedy ''[[Love for Love]]'' (1695).

Disappointed with this comparably bad reception of the play, Congreve retired from his dramatic career. He continued writing libretti for opera, however, and was involved as theatre manager. Together with the death of [[John Dryden]], Congreve's silence seems to mark the end of [[Restoration Comedy]] proper and ushers in [[Sentimental Comedy]]. This notion, however, ignores the plays by [[George Farquhar]], [[John Vanbrugh]] and other 18th-century playwrights.

Modern critics have ascribed the relative failure of ''The Way of the World'' to the fact that Congreve failed to adapt his own, personal wit to the various characters of the play. The witty, very polished language does not seem to fit some of the characters in the play, especially the Witwouds and Lackwits. Furthermore, the plot is confusing (see summary below) and the play plays with the expectation of the audience, springing surprising twists on them.

== Plot ==
Mirabell wants to marry the rich and attractive Millamant and has to overcome some obstacles. Half of Millamant’s dowry depends on the consent of her aunt, Lady Wishfort. Lady Wishfort, however, is in love with Mirabell herself and refuses to consent to the marriage.
In order to achieve his aim, Mirabell devises an intrigue: Lady Wishfort shall be manoeuvred into a false marriage, which will only be resolved, if she grants the lovers the dowry.

Fainall, Lady Wishfort’s son-in-law, however, informs Lady Wishfort about this plot and thus foils it. Furthermore, he wants to blackmail Lady Wishfort himself, by threatening to make public an affair that his wife, her daughter, had with Mirabell before getting married. Lady Wishfort shall grant him her entire fortune, which he wants to use in order to lead a comfortable life with his mistress Marwood.

After a number of intrigues and counter-intrigues between Mirabell and Fainall the conflict is finally resolved. It turns out that Mirabell is in the possession of a certificate in which his former mistress Mrs Fainall has put her entire fortune in his trust – a measure of protection against the greedy Fainall. This means that Fainall is financially dependent on Mirabell and has to give up his intrigues against him and Lady Wishfort. Lady Wishfort, grateful to Mirabell for saving her daughter’s reputation, finally consents to his marriage to Millamant.

As confusing as the constellation of characters and actions may seem at first glance, the underlying structure of ''The Way of the World'' is actually quite simple. Mirabell and Fainall both put pressure on Lady Wishfort in order to gain money for a comfortable life with the woman they love. Because of the several intrigues, mysteries and withheld pieces of information that only become clear during the course of the play, however, ''The Way of the World'' is experienced as confusing by many first-time watchers.

== Main Themes ==
One of the most crucial questions Congreve deals with in ''The Way of the World'' is which role [[Contract Theory|contracts]] play in personal relationships, particularly in marriage. In 1651 [[Thomas Hobbes]] had published his philosophical treatise ''[[Leviathan]]'' in which he postulates a contract in society as the means of taming the inherently hostile human nature. [[John Locke]] had further specified the nature of the contract (and the nature of society this contract secures) in his seminal ''Two Treatises on Government'' (1689). In ''The Way of the World'' Congreve takes an ambivalent position towards contracts. On the one hand, they are depicted as means of protecting one’s own interests against the greed of others (in the case of the Fainalls). On the other hand, they are seen as a means of blackmailing and exploiting others (in the case of Lady Wishfort and her stipulations for Millamant). The position that Congreve seems to take is that successful relationships between human beings depend on mutual trust as much as on contracts.

== Sources ==

Black, Jeremy. ''An Illustrated History of Eighteenth-Century Britain: 1688-1793''. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1996.

Nettleton, George Henry. ''English Drama of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century (1642-1780)''. New York: Cooper Square, 1968.

Niederhoff, Burkhard. "''The Way of the World''". ''Kindlers Literatur Lexikon Online''. Ed. Heinz Ludwig Arnold. 2009. J.B. Metzler. 5 Jan. 2023. [https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_8270-1]

Triennial Act of 1694

2023-01-04T21:42:04Z

WikiSysop: WikiSysop moved page Triennial Act of 1964 to Triennial Act of 1694 without leaving a redirect: Typo

The Triennial Act was passed in 1694. It included that Parliament should be held within three years after the last Parliament was dismissed and that it couldn’t last longer than three years. Therefore, according to this Act, the monarchs couldn’t summon or dissolve Parliament whenever they wanted.
The Triennial Act was vetoed twice by [[William III]] before it was passed. William III was against it since it limited his power, however he was forced to accept it because of the financial difficulties.

== Sources ==
* David, Smith L. A History of the Modern British Isles 1603-1707. Blackwell, 1998, pp. 314.

[[Category:Expansion]]

Main Page

2022-11-30T12:46:52Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Flea.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Laws'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Clarendon Code]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Toleration Act]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Test Acts]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Groups'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Quakers]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Fifth Monarchy Men]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Ranters]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''People'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Isaac Newton]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Robert Hooke]]
|-
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
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*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2022-10-07T10:13:23Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Flea.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Royals and Nobles'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Charles II]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester]]
|-
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2022-10-07T10:07:19Z

WikiSysop:

[[File:Flea.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''British heroes'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Dad's Army]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Caryl Churchill]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[James Bond]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Crisis'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Second bloody sunday]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Winter of Discontent]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[British disease]]
|-

|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Places to be'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Slough]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[The Office]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[England, England]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Fawlty Towers]]
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

File:Flea.png

2022-10-07T10:06:41Z

WikiSysop:

A flea

Thomas Kyd

2022-07-04T16:28:54Z

WikiSysop:

==Life==
Thomas Kyd was born in London in November 1558 as the son of Francis Kyd, a scrivener. After attending the Merchant Taylor’s School in London, he is believed to have initially worked as a scrivener following his education. Kyd eventually wrote theatre plays for the theatre company Queen Elizabeth men from 1583 – 1587, before eventually joining the Queens Company of Players as a private secretary between 1587 – 1593, working for the service of a lord. Between 1582 and 1592 Kyd also focused on writing his prominent play The Spanish Tragedy, published in 1592. ''The Spanish Tragedy'' proved important in the development of a new genre in English theatre, the revenge tragedy. Only one year later, on 13 May 1593, Thomas Kyd, suspected of treason and atheistical activities denying Jesus Christ, was arrested and later tortured in Bridewell after incriminating evidence had been found in his room. It was only after Kyd had in a confession accused Christopher Marlowe, with whom he had worked and had shared acommodation in 1591, that Kyd was finally released. However, Kyd did not manage to recover from the hardships of imprisonment, so that he finally died in poverty at the age of 35 years in August 1594. Kyd was buried in St. Mary Colechurch in London on 15 August 1594, which was destroyed during the great fire in 1666.

==Works==
Kyd’s most important play – a tragedy – ''The Spanish Tragedy'' was published and performed onstage sixteen times that same year., becoming one of the most popular plays of the time. Thus, his characterization of Hieronimo in ''The Spanish Tragedy'' turned into an inspiration for Shakespeare in creating the character of Hamlet. Although many of Kyd’s works have been lost, he is still credited for writing an ''“Ur-Hamlet”'' as yet another source of inspiration to Shakespeare. The romantic tragedy ''Soliman and Perseda'' (1588) is also attributed to Thomas Kyd. The Elizabethan play ''Arden of Feversham'', published anonymously in 1592, is likewise often attributed to him. In 1594, Kyd published ''Cornelia'', a translation of French author Robert Gamier’s ''Cornelie'', which was, however, never performed.

===Sources===
Kyd, Thomas. S''oliman and Perseda''. Ed. Lukas Erne. The Malone Society. Nov 2014. https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719095856/.

“List of Works of Thomas Kyd, Thomas Kyd Books.” ''Elizabethan Era. History of Roman times to Restoration era''. http://elizabethanenglandlife.com/thomas-kyd-biography/list-of-works-books.html#:~:text=Thomas%20Kyd%20was%20best%20known%20for%20his%20tragic,works%20include%20numerous%20plays%252C%20books%252C%20poems%252C%20and%20translations. Accessed 02 July 2022.

“The Spanish Tragedy. Thomas Kyd. 1592.” ''Encyclopedia.com''. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/spanish-tragedy. Accessed 1 July 2022.

“Thomas Kyd.” ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Kyd. Accessed 2 July 2022.

Elizabeth Howard

2022-07-01T10:59:37Z

WikiSysop:

1480 - April 1538. Countess of Wiltshire. Mother of [[Anne Boleyn]], [[Mary Boleyn]] and [[George Boleyn]]. Wife of [[Thomas Boleyn]]. Grandmother of
[[Elizabeth I]].

Elizabeth Howard was the daughter of Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey, and his wife Elizabeth Tilney. Elizabeth's grandfather had fought for [[Richard III]] in the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]]. Her family sent Elizabeth to court, where she attended was part of the household of [[Elizabeth of York]] and later became part of the entourage of [[Catherine of Aragon]].

She met and married her husband [[Thomas Boleyn]] around 1500. Thomas came from a family of London merchants. Their children [[Mary Boleyn]], [[Anne Boleyn]] and [[George Boleyn]] were the only three to survive childhood. In addition to them, the couple is said to have had at least two deceased children - Thomas and Henry (Weir 179).

While the relationship she had with her eldest daughter Mary was rather cold and distant, Elizabeth had a better bond with her younger daughter Anne, teaching her embroidery and introducing her to poetry (Weir 182).

The rumor that Elizabeth used to be the mistress of [[Henry VIII]] circulated widely but was quickly denied by the King himself. Most likely Elizabeth Boleyn was confused with Elizabeth Blount, the actual mistress of the King (Ives 16).

After the execution and humiliation of their daughter Anne and their son George, Elizabeth and her husband retired to Hever, where she lived for the rest of her life. Elizabeth died in April 1538 and was buried in the Howard Aisle in Lambeth Church. Her husband died a year later.

== Sources ==
Ives, Eric. ''The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn''. Blackwell, 2004.

Weir, Alison. ''Mary Boleyn: 'The Great and Infamous Whore'''. Vintage, 2012.

Weir, Alison. ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII''. Grove Atlantic, 2007.

James IV

2022-07-01T10:57:39Z

WikiSysop:

James IV was born on 17 March 1473 and died on 9 September 1513. He was King of Scotland from 1488 to 1513 '''[these phrases are found verbatim in another source, please adapt]''' and ascended the throne when he was only fifteen years old. His father was James III who was king of Scotland until his death in 1488. Because he was killed in a battle James IV needed to succeed to the throne after his father.
James IV is said to have been a popular ruler. He united Scotland under royal control and improved the position of Scotland in Europe. He spoke various languages such as Latin, French, German, Flemish, Italian and Spanish '''[see comment above]'''.
Under his reign, The Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, St. Leonard´s College, St. Andrews and King´s College in Aberdeen were founded.

But during his reign there were also many wars with England and in 1495 James IV prepared for an invasion of England as he supported [[Perkin Warbeck]], a pretender to the throne of England. In the end in 1497 a seven-year peace was negotiated.

In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor, the daughter of the king of England Henry VII. This political marriage stabilized the relationship between England and Scotland. James had one son together with Margaret, James V.

The relationship between Scotland and England was again weakened as Henry VIII entered the throne. Therefore, James VI allied with France in 1512. When Henry VIII invaded France in 1513, James took the chance and invaded England. He captured four castles in the north of England. This lead to the [[Battle of Flodden]], where the Scottish army was defeated by the English. The battle toot place near Branxton on 9 September 1513. James VI was killed during this battle as he was fighting on foot.

==== Sources ====
'''[please format according to MLA guidelines]'''

James IV: https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-IV-king-of-Scotland
James IV (r.1488-1513): https://www.royal.uk/james-iv-r1488-1513

A Man For All Seasons

2022-07-01T10:32:38Z

WikiSysop:

Robert Bolt’s play “A Man for All Seasons” '''[see MLA / italics]''' about Sir Thomas More was filmed by Fred Zinnemann who presents us a character with an awesome view of a sturdy conscience and a steadfast heart.” (NY Times) '''[Author name, not publication]''' “With his 95 Theses putting forward that Bible is the central religious authority and humans may reach salvation by faith, Martin Luther King sparked the Protestant Reformation.” (History) '''[Article title or short title]''' England lacking such reformists followed a different path in this respect and monarchy became a focal point in the context of reformist movement. Monarchic touches and private life of Henry VIII had serious repercussions on England's relations with the Vatican in the following years.

“Secretly getting married to Anne Boleyn and divorcing Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII was excommunicated from the Catholic Church.” (History) '''[Article title or short title]''' In 1534, Henry enacted the Act of Supremacy which enabled him to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England '''[This sentence is too close to another source]'''. That is what Thomas More was mainly against.

A Man for All Seasons presents us with the latest periods in Thomas More’s life. Portrayed as a man strictly loyal to Catholicism, he goes against the notion that the King is the head of the Church throughout the movie. However, there is something else which is crucially important for More: honesty. In the scene where More was talking to his daughter, “When a man takes an oath, he’s holding his own self in his hands. Like water.” After cupping his hands he goes on, “And if he opens his fingers then, he needn’t hope to find himself again. Some men aren’t capable of this, but I’d be loath to think your father one of them.” (SDG reviews) '''[Article title]''' That reveals that he doesn’t swear and accept the King’s title and new marriage.

Throughout the movie, it can be observed that the King, his family and others around More try to convince him but fail. After being executed in 1535, he was canonized by Vatican '''[canonisation is done by a pope]'''. As the writer of Utopia,'''[italics]''' he was a great thinker. On the religion basis,'''['In terms of religion'?]''' he was very strict and loyal to his beliefs, but at the end, this, in a way, cost his life.

'''Sources'''

“A Man for All Seasons(1966).” SDG Reviews Film Appreciation and Criticism Informed by Christian Faith, http://decentfilms.com/reviews/manforallseasons. Accessed 01.07.2022.

Crowther, Bosley. “Screen: A Sturdy Conscience, a Steadfast Heart: ‘A Man for All Seasons’ Opens at Fine Arts Paul Scofield Excels in Film by Zinnemann.” NY Times, 1966. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/13/archives/screen-a-sturdy-conscience-a-steadfast-hearta-man-for-all-seasons.html. Accessed 01.07.2022.

“Martin Luther and the 95 Theses.” ''History.com'', October 2009 issue, https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses. Accessed 01.07.2022.

“Pope Clement VII forbids King Henry VIII from remarrying.” ''History.com'', September 2019 issue, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pope-clement-vii-forbids-king-henry-viii-from-remarrying. Accessed 01.07.2022.

A Man For All Seasons

2022-07-01T10:24:37Z

WikiSysop:

Robert Bolt’s play “A Man for All Seasons” '''[see MLA / italics]''' about Sir Thomas More was filmed by Fred Zinnemann who presents us a character with an awesome view of a sturdy conscience and a steadfast heart.” (NY Times) '''[Author name, not publication]''' “With his 95 Theses putting forward that Bible is the central religious authority and humans may reach salvation by faith, Martin Luther King sparked the Protestant Reformation.” (History) '''[Article title or short title]''' England lacking such reformists followed a different path in this respect and monarchy became a focal point in the context of reformist movement. Monarchic touches and private life of Henry VIII had serious repercussions on England's relations with the Vatican in the following years.

“Secretly getting married to Anne Boleyn and divorcing Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII was excommunicated from the Catholic Church.” (History) '''[Article title or short title]''' In 1534, Henry enacted the Act of Supremacy which enabled him to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England '''[This sentence is too close to another source]'''. That is what Thomas More was mainly against.

A Man for All Seasons presents us with the latest periods in Thomas More’s life. Portrayed as a man strictly loyal to Catholicism, he goes against the notion that the King is the head of the Church throughout the movie. However, there is something else which is crucially important for More: honesty. In the scene where More was talking to his daughter, “When a man takes an oath, he’s holding his own self in his hands. Like water.” After cupping his hands he goes on, “And if he opens his fingers then, he needn’t hope to find himself again. Some men aren’t capable of this, but I’d be loath to think your father one of them.” (SDG reviews) '''[Article title]''' That reveals that he doesn’t swear and accept the King’s title and new marriage.

Throughout the movie, it can be observed that the King, his family and others around More try to convince him but fail. After being executed in 1535, he was canonized by Vatican. As the writer of Utopia, he was a great thinker. On the religion basis, he was very strict and loyal to his beliefs, but at the end, this, in a way, cost his life.

'''Sources'''

“A Man for All Seasons(1966).” SDG Reviews Film Appreciation and Criticism Informed by Christian Faith, http://decentfilms.com/reviews/manforallseasons. Accessed 01.07.2022.

Crowther, Bosley. “Screen: A Sturdy Conscience, a Steadfast Heart: ‘A Man for All Seasons’ Opens at Fine Arts Paul Scofield Excels in Film by Zinnemann.” NY Times, 1966. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/13/archives/screen-a-sturdy-conscience-a-steadfast-hearta-man-for-all-seasons.html. Accessed 01.07.2022.

“Martin Luther and the 95 Theses.” ''History.com'', October 2009 issue, https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses. Accessed 01.07.2022.

“Pope Clement VII forbids King Henry VIII from remarrying.” ''History.com'', September 2019 issue, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pope-clement-vii-forbids-king-henry-viii-from-remarrying. Accessed 01.07.2022.

A Man For All Seasons

2022-07-01T10:21:53Z

WikiSysop:

Robert Bolt’s play “A Man for All Seasons” '''[see MLA / italics]''' about Sir Thomas More was filmed by Fred Zinnemann who presents us a character with an awesome view of a sturdy conscience and a steadfast heart.” (NY Times) '''[Author name, not publication]''' “With his 95 Theses putting forward that Bible is the central religious authority and humans may reach salvation by faith, Martin Luther King sparked the Protestant Reformation.” (History) '''[Article title or short title]''' England lacking such reformists followed a different path in this respect and monarchy became a focal point in the context of reformist movement. Monarchic touches and private life of Henry VIII had serious repercussions on England's relations with the Vatican in the following years.

“Secretly getting married to Anne Boleyn and divorcing Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII was excommunicated from the Catholic Church.” (History) '''[Article title or short title]''' In 1534, Henry enacted the Act of Supremacy which enabled him to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England '''[This sentence is too close to another source]'''. That is what Thomas More was mainly against.

A Man for All Seasons presents us with the latest periods in Thomas More’s life. Portrayed as a man strictly loyal to Catholicism, he goes against the notion that the King is the head of the Church throughout the movie. However, there is something else which is crucially important for More: honesty. In the scene where More was talking to his daughter, “When a man takes an oath, he’s holding his own self in his hands. Like water.” After cupping his hands he goes on, “And if he opens his fingers then, he needn’t hope to find himself again. Some men aren’t capable of this, but I’d be loath to think your father one of them.” (SDG reviews) '''[Article title]''' That reveals that he doesn’t swear and accept the King’s title and new marriage.

Throughout the movie, it can be observed that the King, his family and others around More try to convince him but fail. After being executed in 1535, he was canonized by Vatican. As the writer of Utopia, he was a great thinker. On the religion basis, he was very strict and loyal to his beliefs, but at the end, this, in a way, cost his life.

'''Sources'''

“A Man for All Seasons(1966).” SDG Reviews Film Appreciation and Criticism Informed by Christian Faith, http://decentfilms.com/reviews/manforallseasons. Accessed 01.07.2022.

Crowther, Bosley. “Screen: A Sturdy Conscience, a Steadfast Heart: ‘A Man for All Seasons’ Opens at Fine Arts Paul Scofield Excels in Film by Zinnemann.” NY Times, 1966. https://www.nytimes.com/1966/12/13/archives/screen-a-sturdy-conscience-a-steadfast-hearta-man-for-all-seasons.html. Accessed 01.07.2022.

“Martin Luther and the 95 Theses.” History.com, October 2009 issue, https://www.history.com/topics/reformation/martin-luther-and-the-95-theses. Accessed 01.07.2022.

“Pope Clement VII forbids King Henry VIII from remarrying.” ''History.com'', September 2019 issue, https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/pope-clement-vii-forbids-king-henry-viii-from-remarrying. Accessed 01.07.2022.

Merchant Adventurers

2022-06-27T10:37:26Z

WikiSysop:

During the fifteenth century, opinions about the closeness of merchants to English kings were highly debated. For this reason, under Elizabeth I, The Merchant Adventurers Company had been established with royal support as a corporation in 1564.

Members of the company had to be Englishmen, merchants, and engaged in the foreign trade. Members of the company, Merchant Adventurers, were known as people who 'adventured' their own money in overseas trade by bringing back goods and wealth to England.

The Merchant Adventurers Company that had been chartered had access to all of the business within their trade or region, In exchange for this advantage, chartered companies gave a portion of their profits to the Crown.

We should not forget that the Merchant Adventurers were not a company based in a particular town, but a national institution in an English sovereign national state.

To give examples of these companies were incorparated during Elizabeth's reign: "the company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest Germany) from the early 15th century to 1806 dealt with the export of finished cloth from the burgeoning English woolen industry; the Eastland Company to trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic in 1579; the Levant Company to trade with the Ottoman Empire in 1581; the Africa Company to trade in slaves, in 1588; and the East India Company to trade with India in 1600".

'''Sources'''

McDowall, David. ''An Illustrated History of Britain''. Longman Group UK Limited, 1989.

"The New Trading Empire" ,2015, https://doclecture.net/1-5127.html. Accessed 26 June 2022.

White, Sylvia. "What was the role of the English Merchant Adventurers in the termination of the Hanseatic Steelyard in London in 1598?", pp. 5-7. ACADEMIA, https://www.academia.edu/14766808/What_was_the_role_of_the_English_Merchant_Adventurers_in_the_termination_of_the_Hanseatic_Steelyard_in_London_in_1598. Accessed 25 June 2022.

Dark Lady

2022-06-27T10:28:41Z

WikiSysop: WikiSysop moved page Dark lady to Dark Lady

The Dark Lady is a character that appears in Shakespeare’s Sonnets 127 – 152. She is called 'Dark Lady' because of her outer appearance in the sonnets in which she is described as having “raven black” eyes and black hair. Furthermore, she is described as a beauty which contradicts the previous beauty ideals: “In the old age black was not counted fair (…) But now is black beauty's successive heir”. In his Sonnet 127, where she was mentioned for the first time, it seems that her appearance may not necessarily make her conventionally attractive but from a personal perspective e.g., the speaker’s point of view (who is considered to be William Shakespeare himself). However, the use of language and the description of the Dark Lady are far more openly sexual compared to the previous sonnets of the Fair Youth. The Dark Lady seems to address the speaker’s sexual desire because she is brave and emancipated enough to ignore the common beauty ideals and is able to stand out from the crowd. She is a contrast to common conventions and especially this breach with old rules of behaviour and look makes her irresistibly attractive to the speaker. Throughout the 36 Sonnets, the speaker and the Dark Lady have a multi-faceted relationship because on one side there strong desire and attraction towards the lady but on the other side there is a cursing frustration regarding his unfulfilled desire. 

There is speculation whether the Dark Lady is based on a real person and there is no consensus to an answer to that question. Currently the most convincing theory says that she is not based on a real historical figure but just a construct of Shakespeare’s’ imagination

Talk:Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon

2022-01-27T20:01:04Z

WikiSysop: Blanked the page

User:Almokawn

2022-01-27T19:57:20Z

WikiSysop: Blanked the page

Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon

2022-01-27T19:50:46Z

WikiSysop:

Born on the 4th of august in the year 1900 in London to Claude Bowes-lyon and his wife Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck. On April 26, 1993 Elizabeth married prince Albert , Duke of York after his second proposal to her.
After the death of King George V on January 23, 1926, Albert's older brother Edward became king. Determined to marry the American divorcee, Wallis Simpson, Prince Edward passed down the crown to his brother Albert.
The duchess of York thus became the queen of the United Kingdom and the head of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 to 6 February 1952 along side her husband who became the king of great Britain under the regnal name of George VI. Together they had two children , Elizabeth, the present queen of Britain, and Margret.

=== '''''REIGN''''' ===

During her reign as queen, Elizabeth was described as a kind-hearted yet dangerous and strong woman. During the royal state touring , U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, said that Elizabeth was "perfect as a Queen, gracious, informed, saying the right thing & kind but a little self-consciously regal". On the other hand, during the second world war, Adolf Hitler allegedly called her "the most dangerous woman in Europe" because of her wide popularity and the effects she had on her people.
One of the most famous stands taken by the queen mother, was publicly refusing to leave London or send away her children. she declared "The children won't go without me. I won't leave the King. And the King will never leave". Instead, the queen spent most of her time visiting troops, hospitals, factories, and parts of Britain that were targeted by the German Luftwaffe, dressed in vibrant colors to represent a rainbow of hope. Her unbreakable spirit provided moral support to the British public, And to her husband until his death on February 6, 1952.
Devastated by her husband's Death the Queen retired to Scotland, But that only lasted for a few months. Elizabeth, Who began to be styled as the Queen mother to avoid confusion with her elder daughter, now Queen Elizabeth II, came out of retirement to proceed with her public duties as a Queen mother and treated them with the same importance as her public duties when she was Queen consort.

=== '''''DEATH''''' ===

On 30 march, 2002, at 15:15, And just after a few weeks of her younger daughter's death, The Queen mother died in her sleep at the Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, with Queen Elizabeth II, at her bedside. More than a million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the route from central London to Elizabeth's final resting place beside her husband and daughter in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. With her charisma, charms, wits, and vibrant spirit, Elizabeth the mother was able to make herself one of the most popular royal member changing the opinions and popularity of monarchy.

''''''Sources''''''
https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-queen-consort-of-United-Kingdom
https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-76927?mediaType=Article

Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon

2022-01-27T19:39:07Z

WikiSysop:

'''This article is in need of editing! Since there is no contact information available for us to get in touch with you, please [mailto:alexander.meusel@rub.de send an e-mail] and see the discussion page'''

Born on the 4th of august in the year 1900 in London to Claude Bowes-lyon and his wife Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck. On April 26, 1993 Elizabeth married prince Albert , Duke of York after his second proposal to her.
After the death of King George V on January 23, 1926, Albert's older brother Edward became king. Determined to marry the American divorcee, Wallis Simpson, Prince Edward passed down the crown to his brother Albert.
The duchess of York thus became the queen of the United Kingdom and the head of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 to 6 February 1952 along side her husband who became the king of great Britain under the regnal name of George VI. Together they had two children , Elizabeth, the present queen of Britain, and Margret.

=== '''''REIGN''''' ===

During her reign as queen, Elizabeth was described as a kind-hearted yet dangerous and strong woman. During the royal state touring , U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, said that Elizabeth was "perfect as a Queen, gracious, informed, saying the right thing & kind but a little self-consciously regal". On the other hand, during the second world war, Adolf Hitler allegedly called her "the most dangerous woman in Europe" because of her wide popularity and the effects she had on her people.
One of the most famous stands taken by the queen mother, was publicly refusing to leave London or send away her children. she declared "The children won't go without me. I won't leave the King. And the King will never leave". Instead, the queen spent most of her time visiting troops, hospitals, factories, and parts of Britain that were targeted by the German Luftwaffe, dressed in vibrant colors to represent a rainbow of hope. Her unbreakable spirit provided moral support to the British public, And to her husband until his death on February 6, 1952.
Devastated by her husband's Death the Queen retired to Scotland, But that only lasted for a few months. Elizabeth, Who began to be styled as the Queen mother to avoid confusion with her elder daughter, now Queen Elizabeth II, came out of retirement to proceed with her public duties as a Queen mother and treated them with the same importance as her public duties when she was Queen consort.

=== '''''DEATH''''' ===

On 30 march, 2002, at 15:15, And just after a few weeks of her younger daughter's death, The Queen mother died in her sleep at the Royal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, with Queen Elizabeth II, at her bedside. More than a million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the route from central London to Elizabeth's final resting place beside her husband and daughter in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. With her charisma, charms, wits, and vibrant spirit, Elizabeth the mother was able to make herself one of the most popular royal member changing the opinions and popularity of monarchy.

''''''Sources''''''
https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-queen-consort-of-United-Kingdom
https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-76927?mediaType=Article

User:Almokawn

2022-01-27T19:34:25Z

WikiSysop:

Please contact us via [mailto:alexander.meusel@rub.de mail] to 1. Tell us your identity so this article can be properly credited and 2. receive feedback since there are some problems with the article (see also the discussion page).

User:Almokawn

2022-01-27T19:34:06Z

WikiSysop: Created page with "Please contact us via [http://mailto:alexander.meusel@rub.de mail] to 1. Tell us your identity so this article can be properly credited and 2. receive feedback since there are..."

Please contact us via [http://mailto:alexander.meusel@rub.de mail] to 1. Tell us your identity so this article can be properly credited and 2. receive feedback since there are some problems with the article (see also the discussion page).

John Bercow

2022-01-25T12:43:51Z

WikiSysop: Replaced content with "Born 19 January 1963. British politician and legendary Mr Speaker of the House of Commons. Category:Expansion"

Born 19 January 1963. British politician and legendary Mr Speaker of the House of Commons.

[[Category:Expansion]]

Main Page

2022-01-18T23:47:17Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Unionjacksmaller.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

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== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''British heroes'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Dad's Army]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Caryl Churchill]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[James Bond]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Crisis'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Second bloody sunday]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Winter of Discontent]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[British disease]]
|-

|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Places to be'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Slough]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[The Office]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[England, England]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Fawlty Towers]]
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
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*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Tripartite system

2022-01-17T11:50:49Z

WikiSysop:

The tripartite system was introduced to England with the Butler Act. This system proposed that the students who have passed the primary education level will be divided into three different types of secondary school: Grammar, Modern and Technical. From April 1st 1945 under this system, 11 years old students had to sit for an exam which was named as ‘the 11+‘ exam. The examiners mainly focused on the students’ expertise in English and Arithmetic. Based on the result, the top 20-25% students could attend Grammar school. The rest of them were either in technical school (roughly 5%) or Secondary modern school (roughly 75%). The grammar schools mainly focused on academic curriculum, while vocational training was the main concern of secondary modern schools. Applied science was the center of concern for technical schools.

The reaction to this system was mixed. The main idea was that education will be treated according to merit, not wealth. But at the same time the system was criticized for its splitting policy. According to the critics, at a very early stage of their educational life, the choice of schools predetermined their future.
Students who did not get chance a chance at grammar schools treated themselves as failure. Moreover, there were not enough grammar schools in some areas which created serious discontent among guardians and the secondary modern schools could not fulfill the demand of the students. The Grammar schools became the hub of future promising professionals. There were very few children who could be sent to technical schools because of the cost.

== Sources ==

Ainley, Patrick. "Tripartite Schooling, 1944–63." ''Learning Policy: Towards the Certified Society''. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999. 27-58.

Gillard, Derek. ''Education in England: a History''. May 2018. Web. 17 Jan. 2021.
<www.educationengland.org.uk/history>.

Morris, Ben. "Educational Change in the United Kingdom since World War II." ''The Phi Delta Kappan'' 43.2 (1961): 92-97.

Pauline Boty

2022-01-06T13:40:25Z

WikiSysop:

== Biography ==

Pauline Veronica Boty was born on March 6th 1938 in London. [https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/] In the early stages of her life she took part in various educational programs, which ultimately led her to an artistic career. In 1954 Boty Received a scholarship to the Wimbledon School of Art, followed by her receiving her Intermediate Diploma in Lithography in 1956 and the National Diploma in Art and Design in 1958. [https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/] Besides practicing visual arts, Pauline Boty was a well known actress. From 1962 to 1965 she starred in several film productions such as an Episode of ''The Frantic Rebel'' in 1964 or in ''Day of the Ragnarok'' in January 1965. [https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/] Ultimately on the first of July 1966, just 5 months after Boty gave birth to her only daughter, Pauline Boty died at the age of 28.[https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/]

== First British Female Pop-Artist ==
Pauline Boty’ first paintings portray rather surrealistic sujets, before in the 60’s they attainted characteristics that one would ascribe to the Pop-Art movement, all while staying true to her pop culture imagery. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500072] Despite Boty not being well known for her art even until today, she is nonetheless regarded as the first female artist of British Pop art.[https://www.christies.com/features/Antenna-Remembering-the-Brit-Pop-Bardot-8762-1.aspx?sc_lang=en#FID-8762]

== Feminist Agenda? ==
While art critics are at one about Boty being one of the first women in pop-art, there is a disparity of opinions on her being a feminist artist. In ''Pop’s Ladies and Bad Girls: Axell, Pauline Boty and Rosalyn Drexler'' [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500072] Kalliopi Minioudaki claims that Pauline Boty is in fact a relevant forerunner of the feminist art movement despite the little exposure that she receives until today. (p.406): [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500072] Others such as James Hall view Boty as a ''"[…] fringe pop-artist […]."'', thus as one who insinuates feminism, but does not follow a clear feminist agenda. (p.413): [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500072]

Examples of works which suggest feminist features are ''The Only Blonde in the World'' and ''It’s A Man’s world I & II''.

''The Only Blonde in the World'' was created in 1963. Its imagery is not only one that plays with the male fascination of Marylin Monroe, but also one with which Boty puts herself into the history of a male dominated sujet.[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/boty-the-only-blonde-in-the-world-t07496] Minioudaki examines Boty's use of pop cultural references in the painting and concludes the artists discontent with gender expectations that were assigned to women in the post-war period e.g them being housewives and/or sexual objects. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500072] The painting could thus be read as a cultural critique, which simultaneously reveals the subjective wish for the retrieval of: ''“[…] women’s neglected right to pleasure.“'' (p.406): [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500072].

One year later in 1964 Boty painted ''It’s a Man’s World I'' which she completed by creating an additional painting titled ''It’s a Man’s World II''. (view part one here: [https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/] part two here: [https://www.anothermag.com/art-photography/8733/the-first-lady-of-pop-art-in-praise-of-pauline-botyDepicted] Part one portrays a total of 16 individual paintings. Some of them showing well known male protagonists such as Elvis Presley, John Lennon or Albert Einstein, while others depict and allude to male dominated professions such as the Air Force or Head of States. [https://thegabeye.com/pauline-boty-its-a-mans-world-ii-1964-66-ia/] and [https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/] Similar to the technique of the first part, Boty aligns and arranges different painting slots in ''It’s a Man’s Wold II''. In contrast to the male dominated portrayal of the first part, the imagery of this painting is filled with depictions of the female nude. Unlike the portrayal of male protagonists, who are known for their accomplishments, it seems as though the protagonists behind the bodies ought to remain unknown behind their bodies. [https://thegabeye.com/pauline-boty-its-a-mans-world-ii-1964-66-ia/]

== References ==

"Sources: It’s a Man’s World I." ''Pauline Boty - Pop art pioneer'', URL: https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/, Accessed December 28th 2021.

"Timeline." ''Pauline Boty - Pop art pioneer'', URL: https://paulineboty.org/its-a-mans-world-i-key/, Accessed December 28th 2021.

"Pauline Boty - The Only Blonde in the World (1963)." ''Tate.org.uk'', May 2007 URL: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/boty-the-only-blonde-in-the-world-t07496, Accessed December 28th 2021.

Kalliopi Minioudaki. ''Pop’s Ladies and Bad Girls: Axell, Pauline Boty and Rosalyn Drexler.'' Oxford Art Journal, vol. 30, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 402–30, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4500072, Accessed December 28th 2021.

"Antenna: Remembering the Brit-Pop Bardot." ''Christies.com'', June 5th 2018. URL: https://www.christies.com/features/Antenna-Remembering-the-Brit-Pop-Bardot-8762-1.aspx?sc_lang=en#FID-8762 , Accessed December 30th 2021.

Main Page

2021-12-13T22:40:55Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Unionjacksmaller.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
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*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

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== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Crisis'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Second bloody sunday]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Winter of Discontent]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[British disease]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Conservative Cure'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Thatcherism]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Compromise Cure'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[New Labour]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Third Way]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Places to be'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Slough]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[The Office]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[England, England]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Fawlty Towers]]
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2021-11-24T22:50:19Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Unionjacksmaller.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Crisis'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Second bloody sunday]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Winter of Discontent]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[British disease]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Conservative Cure'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Thatcherism]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Compromise Cure'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[New Labour]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Third Way]]
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2021-11-24T22:49:21Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Unionjacksmaller.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Crisis'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Second bloody sunday]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Teddy Boys]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Conservative Cure'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Thatcherism]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Swinging Sixties]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Compromise Cure'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[New Labour]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Third Way]]
|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Swinging Sixties

2021-11-05T21:52:40Z

WikiSysop: Created page with "A culturally transformative decade. Category:Expansion"

A culturally transformative decade.

[[Category:Expansion]]

Main Page

2021-11-05T21:44:38Z

WikiSysop: /* What's hot these days? */

[[File:Unionjacksmaller.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Subcultures'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Mods]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Teddy Boys]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Export Heroes'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[The Beatles]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Swinging Sixties]]
|-

|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__

Main Page

2021-11-05T21:42:47Z

WikiSysop:

[[File:Unionjacksmaller.png|center|200px.]]

==Welcome to the British Culture Wiki==

This Wiki currently boasts {{NUMBEROFARTICLES}} articles - and counting.
Keep up to date with the lists of [[Special:Recentchanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Allpages|All Articles]].

'''Inspiration for writers:'''
*Use any of the red links (provided below or in existing texts) to start new articles.
*Completing an article listed in the [[:Category:Expansion]] counts as a valid contribution to the wiki task.
'''Minimum requirements for articles that are part of the lecture course on Modernist Culture:'''
*New entry/topic (no double entries under a new title)
*Substantial contribution (common sense applies)
*Use and documentation of two independent and reliable sources - no plagiarism.
*A bibliography according to the [http://www.es.rub.de/stylesheet.html '''Academic Style Sheet'''] of the English Department

'''For ''full details'', please visit our''' [https://moodle.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/ '''Moodle'''] '''course''' where you will also find our Discussion Board for further help and troubleshooting. You can also contact us via [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail].

''Those writing for the lecture on '''Modernist Culture''' are kindly asked to '''send an [http://www.el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php/Special:EmailUser/WikiSysop e-mail] stating their username and real name''' so that entries may be kept track of.''

== What's hot these days? ==
{| cellpadding="3"

| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Subcultures'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Mods]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Teddy Boys]]
|-
| bgcolor=#58ACFA| '''Export Heroes'''
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Beatles]]
| bgcolor=#CEE3F6|[[Swinging Sixties]]
|-

|}

==Using the Wiki==
*Use the '''''search box''''' at the top of the page to find a specific article, or click on '''''"Random page"''''' in the menu to the left to read a surprise article.
*The '''''"What links here"''''' feature in the toolbox on the left allows you to see a list of the articles that link to the page you're currently reading, helping you to put information in context.
*'''''"Recent changes"''''' will allow you to keep track of all modifications and new articles.
* Check out the [[Help:Editing|'''help page''']] for a short summary on how to edit the wiki. For more detailed information, visit [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Formatting '''this page'''].

==An invitation to contribute==
*This Wiki is for everybody. Even if you don't have to write an article, you can still help, for example by correcting typos or by connecting articles through links. [[Help:Contents|Click here]] for more information on how to do that.
*Since this is a scientific project, there are some ground rules (as outlined above), but these should not deter you from experimenting with the wiki system and enjoying writing for an audience.The neat thing is: you gain both in writing (by boiling down a topic to its important elements) and in reading, as this wiki is well on the way to being an encyclopaedia of British history and culture, which you can use in this and future cultural studies classes.

__NOTOC__