British railway system - Revision history

WikiSysop at 11:05, 14 December 2011

2011-12-14T11:05:01Z

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	[[File:Speed.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|J. M. W. Turner. ''Rain, Steam, Speed.'' 1844. Oil on Canvas. 90.8 x 121.9 cm. National Gallery, London.]]		[[File:Speed.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[[William Turner\|J. M. W. Turner]]. ''Rain, Steam, Speed.'' 1844. Oil on Canvas. 90.8 x 121.9 cm. National Gallery, London.]]
	System of transport taking off in the 1830s.		System of transport taking off in the 1830s.

Pankratz at 18:38, 18 January 2011

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	During the next two decades, 5,000 miles of rails were laid. It took approximately three hours to travel from London to Bristol by train. In comparison: if you travelled by coach, it took you twenty hours to reach Bristol.		During the next two decades, 5,000 miles of rails were laid. It took approximately three hours to travel from London to Bristol by train. In comparison: if you travelled by coach, it took you twenty hours to reach Bristol.

	British railways were connected with various notable engineering works. For example, many bridges such as the bridge over Firth of Forth in Scotland were constructed, a tunnel was built under the River Severn, and the first underground railways were launched. London Underground railways were planned and constructed in two ways. The first solution was called "cut and cover", i.e. the lines were hauled by steam. This method was applied with the Metropolitan, District and Circle lines. In contrast, the "tube" system ran completely underground and was powered by electric locomotion instead of steam. In 1890, the line going from King William Street to Stockwell (now part of the Northern line) was the first "tube" to offer regular service.		British railways were connected with various notable engineering works. For example, many bridges such as the bridge over the Firth of Forth in Scotland were constructed, a tunnel was built under the River Severn, and the first underground railways were launched. London Underground railways were planned and constructed in two ways. The first solution was called "cut and cover", i.e. the lines were hauled by steam. This method was applied with the Metropolitan, District and Circle lines. In contrast, the "tube" system ran completely underground and was powered by electric locomotion instead of steam. In 1890, the line going from King William Street to Stockwell (now part of the Northern line) was the first "tube" to offer regular service.


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	==~~Important individuals~~==		==People and Companies==
	The following people and companies are widely known for their involvement in the development of Britain's railway system:		The following people and companies are widely known for their involvement in the development of Britain's railway system:

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	==Travel==		==Travel==
	The railway and the steamship revolutionised travel. The grand tour of Europe, which was popular during the eighteenth century, was replaced by commercialised pleasure travel after the Napoleonic Wars. Favoured destinations were France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, America and Egypt. When Thomas Cook started providing the British with round-trip tickets, hotel coupons, group excursions and the like, foreign travel became commonplace for the middle classes and from the 1850s onward, travel was usually associated with railway travel. Former coaches stayed merely a means of getting to the nearest railway station. By then, Britain had built about 9,000 stations nationwide.		The railway and the steamship revolutionised travel. The grand tour of Europe, which was popular during the eighteenth century, was replaced by commercialised pleasure travel after the Napoleonic Wars. Favoured destinations were France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, America and Egypt. When Thomas Cook started providing the British with round-trip tickets, hotel coupons, group excursions and the like, foreign travel became commonplace for the middle classes and from the 1850s onward, travel was usually associated with railway travel. Former coaches stayed merely a means of getting to the nearest railway station. By then, Britain had built about 9,000 stations nationwide.
	Whether short- or long-distance journey, passengers could travel in first-, second- or third-class ~~accomodation~~ and paid about twopence a mile when choosing one of the moderate options. Of course, compared to the formerly customary coaches, the railways could score with comfort, speed and lower costs.		Whether short- or long-distance journey, passengers could travel in first-, second- or third-class coaches and paid about twopence a mile when choosing one of the moderate options. Of course, compared to the formerly customary horse-drawn coaches, the railways could score with comfort, speed and lower costs.


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	==Facts and Figures==		==Facts and Figures==
	During the 1830s, the railway construction cost 4 Million ~~Pounds~~ each year, during the 1840s the numbers increased to 15 million ~~Pounds~~. This brought up a new system of financing because mostly, the investors were not present at the construction sites. They were gathered by the banks from all over the country. All in all, Britain invested 630 million pounds in railways, an even higher sum than this of the cotton industry.		During the 1830s, the railway construction cost 4 Million pounds each year, during the 1840s the numbers increased to 15 million pounds. This brought up a new system of financing because mostly, the investors were not present at the construction sites. They were gathered by the banks from all over the country. All in all, Britain invested 630 million pounds in railways, an even higher sum than this of the cotton industry.

	1836/1837 and 1847 were boom years. In 1847, 300,000 people were involved in the building and operation of the railway system. A full 3% of Britain's male workforce (275,000) were employed in some way or another in railway business.		1836/1837 and 1847 were boom years. In 1847, 300,000 people were involved in the building and operation of the railway system. A full 3% of Britain's male workforce (275,000) were employed in some way or another in railway business. Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.

	~~Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.~~

			==Britain as Example==
	==Britain as ~~modern example~~==		Even though there were drawbacks and redundancies, these could not hide the enormous impulses that the construction of the railway system sent out. London turned into the workshop of the world again. A good example of this is the [[Great Exhibition]], with its [[Crystal Palace]] taking place in 1851. So, the railway allowed Britain to enter modern industry as the main sector of its economy.
	Even though there were drawbacks and redundancies, these could not hide the enormous impulses that the construction of the railway system sent out. London turned into the workshop of the world again. A good example of this is the [[Great Exhibition]], with its [[Crystal Palace]] taking place in 1851.

	So, the railway allowed Britain to enter modern industry as the main sector of its economy.

Christina Koziel at 19:04, 17 January 2011

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← Older revision		Revision as of 19:04, 17 January 2011
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	*Chew, Kenneth/ Anthony Wilson. ''Victorian Science and Engineering portrayed in The Illustrated London News.'' London: Alan Sutton (in association with the Science Museum), 1993.		*Chew, Kenneth/ Anthony Wilson. ''Victorian Science and Engineering portrayed in The Illustrated London News.'' London: Alan Sutton (in association with the Science Museum), 1993.
	*Freeman, Michael. ''Railways and the Victorian Imagination.'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.		*Freeman, Michael. ''Railways and the Victorian Imagination.'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.
	*Gelfert, Hans-Dieter: ''Kleine Kulturgeschichte Großbritanniens''. München: C.H. Beck, 1999.		*Gelfert, Hans-Dieter. ''Kleine Kulturgeschichte Großbritanniens''. München: C.H. Beck, 1999.
	*Landow, George P. ''The Victorian Web.'' 15 January 2011. <http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/paintings/speed.jpg>		*Landow, George P. ''The Victorian Web.'' 15 January 2011. <http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/paintings/speed.jpg>
	*Niedhart, Gottfried: ''Geschichte Englands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert''. München: C.H. Beck, 1987.		*Niedhart, Gottfried. ''Geschichte Englands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert''. München: C.H. Beck, 1987.
	*Ranlett, John. “Railways.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 663-665.		*Ranlett, John. “Railways.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 663-665.
	*Reynolds, John. “Urban Transportation.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 812-813.		*Reynolds, John. “Urban Transportation.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 812-813.
	*Schoenbauer Thurin, Susan. “Travel and Tourism.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 817-818.		*Schoenbauer Thurin, Susan. “Travel and Tourism.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 817-818.

Christina Koziel at 19:03, 17 January 2011

2011-01-17T19:03:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:03, 17 January 2011
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			[[File:Speed.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|J. M. W. Turner. ''Rain, Steam, Speed.'' 1844. Oil on Canvas. 90.8 x 121.9 cm. National Gallery, London.]]
	System of transport taking off in the 1830s.		System of transport taking off in the 1830s.
	~~[[File:Speed.jpg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|J. M. W. Turner. Rain, Steam, Speed. 1844. Oil on Canvas. 90.8 x 121.9 cm. National Gallery, London.]]~~
	==Development in Britain==		==Development in Britain==
	In 1804, Richard Trevithick developed a locomotive near the town of Merthyr Tydfil, a coal and iron district in South Wales. There, most of the rails were built between 1830 and 1850. In the beginning, the development was slow, but finally, the railway system became the ‘backbone of transport’ (Niedhart 27).		In 1804, Richard Trevithick developed a locomotive near the town of Merthyr Tydfil, a coal and iron district in South Wales. There, most of the rails were built between 1830 and 1850. In the beginning, the development was slow, but finally, the railway system became the ‘backbone of transport’ (Niedhart 27).

Christina Koziel at 19:01, 17 January 2011

2011-01-17T19:01:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:01, 17 January 2011
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	System of transport taking off in the 1830s.		System of transport taking off in the 1830s.
			[[File:Speed.jpg\|350px\|thumb\|right\|J. M. W. Turner. Rain, Steam, Speed. 1844. Oil on Canvas. 90.8 x 121.9 cm. National Gallery, London.]]
	==Development in Britain==		==Development in Britain==
	In 1804, Richard Trevithick developed a locomotive near the town of Merthyr Tydfil, a coal and iron district in South Wales. There, most of the rails were built between 1830 and 1850. In the beginning, the development was slow, but finally, the railway system became the ‘backbone of transport’ (Niedhart 27).		In 1804, Richard Trevithick developed a locomotive near the town of Merthyr Tydfil, a coal and iron district in South Wales. There, most of the rails were built between 1830 and 1850. In the beginning, the development was slow, but finally, the railway system became the ‘backbone of transport’ (Niedhart 27).

Christina Koziel at 18:54, 17 January 2011

2011-01-17T18:54:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:54, 17 January 2011
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	*Freeman, Michael. ''Railways and the Victorian Imagination.'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.		*Freeman, Michael. ''Railways and the Victorian Imagination.'' New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.
	*Gelfert, Hans-Dieter: ''Kleine Kulturgeschichte Großbritanniens''. München: C.H. Beck, 1999.		*Gelfert, Hans-Dieter: ''Kleine Kulturgeschichte Großbritanniens''. München: C.H. Beck, 1999.
			*Landow, George P. ''The Victorian Web.'' 15 January 2011. <http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/paintings/speed.jpg>
	*Niedhart, Gottfried: ''Geschichte Englands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert''. München: C.H. Beck, 1987.		*Niedhart, Gottfried: ''Geschichte Englands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert''. München: C.H. Beck, 1987.
	*Ranlett, John. “Railways.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 663-665.		*Ranlett, John. “Railways.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 663-665.
	*Reynolds, John. “Urban Transportation.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 812-813.		*Reynolds, John. “Urban Transportation.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 812-813.
	*Schoenbauer Thurin, Susan. “Travel and Tourism.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 817-818.		*Schoenbauer Thurin, Susan. “Travel and Tourism.” ''Victorian Britain. An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. Sally Mitchell. London: St. James Press, 1988. 817-818.

Christina Koziel at 18:37, 17 January 2011

2011-01-17T18:37:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:37, 17 January 2011
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	Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.		Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.


	==Britain as modern example==		==Britain as modern example==

Christina Koziel: /* Facts and Figures */

2011-01-17T18:36:43Z

Facts and Figures

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:36, 17 January 2011
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	==Facts and Figures==		==Facts and Figures==
	During the 1830s, the railway construction cost 4 Million Pounds each year, during the 1840s the numbers increased to 15 million Pounds. This brought up a new system of financing because mostly, the investors were not present at the construction sites. They were gathered by the banks from all over the country. All in all, Britain invested 630 million pounds in railways, an even higher sum ~~that~~ this of the cotton industry.		During the 1830s, the railway construction cost 4 Million Pounds each year, during the 1840s the numbers increased to 15 million Pounds. This brought up a new system of financing because mostly, the investors were not present at the construction sites. They were gathered by the banks from all over the country. All in all, Britain invested 630 million pounds in railways, an even higher sum than this of the cotton industry.

	1836/1837 and 1847 were boom years. In 1847, 300,000 people were involved in the building and operation of the railway system. A full 3% of Britain's male workforce (275,000) were employed in some way or another in railway business.		1836/1837 and 1847 were boom years. In 1847, 300,000 people were involved in the building and operation of the railway system. A full 3% of Britain's male workforce (275,000) were employed in some way or another in railway business.

	Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.		Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.


	==Britain as modern example==		==Britain as modern example==

Christina Koziel at 18:35, 17 January 2011

2011-01-17T18:35:41Z

@@ Line 61: / Line 61: @@
 The railway and the steamship revolutionised travel. The grand tour of Europe, which was popular during the eighteenth century, was replaced by commercialised pleasure travel after the Napoleonic Wars. Favoured destinations were France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, America and Egypt. When Thomas Cook started providing the British with round-trip tickets, hotel coupons, group excursions and the like, foreign travel became commonplace for the middle classes and from the 1850s onward, travel was usually associated with railway travel. Former coaches stayed merely a means of getting to the nearest railway station. By then, Britain had built about 9,000 stations nationwide.
 Whether short- or long-distance journey, passengers could travel in first-, second- or third-class accomodation and paid about twopence a mile when choosing one of the moderate options. Of course, compared to the formerly customary coaches, the railways could score with comfort, speed and lower costs.
@@ Line 79: / Line 71: @@
 A further development was made by [[Henry Bessemer]] in 1856. He invented a method to convert iron ore into steal without heating it for a second time. This made the production of steal more budget-priced.

Christina Koziel at 18:34, 17 January 2011

2011-01-17T18:34:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:34, 17 January 2011
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	==Facts and Figures==		==Facts and Figures==
	All in all, Britain invested 630 million pounds in railways, an even higher sum that this of the cotton industry. A full 3% of Britain's male workforce (275,000) were employed in some way or another in railway business. Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.		During the 1830s, the railway construction cost 4 Million Pounds each year, during the 1840s the numbers increased to 15 million Pounds. This brought up a new system of financing because mostly, the investors were not present at the construction sites. They were gathered by the banks from all over the country. All in all, Britain invested 630 million pounds in railways, an even higher sum that this of the cotton industry.

			1836/1837 and 1847 were boom years. In 1847, 300,000 people were involved in the building and operation of the railway system. A full 3% of Britain's male workforce (275,000) were employed in some way or another in railway business.

			Counting 540.7 million passengers in 1880 and 992.4 million in 1900, the considerable influence and popularity of railways becomes clear.


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	A further development was made by [[Henry Bessemer]] in 1856. He invented a method to convert iron ore into steal without heating it for a second time. This made the production of steal more budget-priced.		A further development was made by [[Henry Bessemer]] in 1856. He invented a method to convert iron ore into steal without heating it for a second time. This made the production of steal more budget-priced.


	~~==Expenses==~~
	During the 1830s, the railway construction cost 4 Million Pounds each year, during the 1840s the numbers increased to 15 Million Pounds. This brought up a new system of financing because mostly, the investors were not present at the construction sites. They were gathered by the banks from all over the country.

	~~1836/1837 and 1847 were boom years. In 1847, 300,000 people were involved in the building and operation of the railway system.~~