https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Civil_War 2026-05-11T19:05:54Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=11843&oldid=prev 2017-12-23T11:53:38Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:53, 23 December 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Civil war reeanactment.JPG|thumb|400px]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Civil war reeanactment.JPG|thumb|400px]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''English Civil War''' or the '''Wars of the Three Kingdoms''' (also called '''English Revolution''' or '''Great Rebellion''')  was a series of three connected civil wars, covering roughly the decade from 1642-1651. The two warring parties were [[Royalists]] (supporting King [[Charles I]], and later his son [[Charles II]]) and [[Parliamentarians]] (fighting for a greater independence of [[parliament]] from the king, later for the abolition of the monarchy). The Civil War led to the execution of Charles I, the exile of Charles II and the foundation of the [[Commonwealth]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The '''English Civil War''' or the '''Wars of the Three Kingdoms''' (also called '''English Revolution''' or '''Great Rebellion''')  was a series of three connected civil wars, covering roughly the decade from 1642-1651. The two warring parties were [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Cavaliers|</ins>Royalists]] (supporting King [[Charles I]], and later his son [[Charles II]]) and [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Roundheads|</ins>Parliamentarians]] (fighting for a greater independence of [[parliament]] from the king, later for the abolition of the monarchy). The Civil War led to the execution of Charles I, the exile of Charles II and the foundation of the [[Commonwealth]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Background to the Civil War==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Background to the Civil War==</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-11830:rev-11843:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=11830&oldid=prev 2017-12-23T11:39:16Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:39, 23 December 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7">Line 7:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early 17th century saw great social changes. For the first time, a literate lower middle class appeared, but also rich property owners, professionals and merchants became increasingly influential on an economic level, though politically the aristocracy and the King still concentrated more or less all power in their hands. However, King [[Charles I]] was widely seen as untrustworthy, stubborn and bad at communicating his ideas; his insecurities, paired with a strong understanding of Kingship ([[Divine Right|Divine Right of Kings]]) led him to the kind of arrogance (&quot;Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone&quot;.) that made his subjects see him as a potential tyrant.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early 17th century saw great social changes. For the first time, a literate lower middle class appeared, but also rich property owners, professionals and merchants became increasingly influential on an economic level, though politically the aristocracy and the King still concentrated more or less all power in their hands. However, King [[Charles I]] was widely seen as untrustworthy, stubborn and bad at communicating his ideas; his insecurities, paired with a strong understanding of Kingship ([[Divine Right|Divine Right of Kings]]) led him to the kind of arrogance (&quot;Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone&quot;.) that made his subjects see him as a potential tyrant.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>England<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Scotland<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>Ireland<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del>were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, England, Scotland and Ireland were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England&#039;s and Scotland&#039;s churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[Puritanism|Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England&#039;s and Scotland&#039;s churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[Puritanism|Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-11821:rev-11830:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=11821&oldid=prev 2017-12-23T11:21:42Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:21, 23 December 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Context===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Context===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early 17th century saw great social changes. For the first time, a literate lower middle class appeared, but also rich property owners, professionals and merchants became increasingly influential on an economic level, though politically the aristocracy and the King still concentrated more or less all power in their hands. However, King [[Charles I]] was widely seen as untrustworthy, stubborn and bad at communicating his ideas; his insecurities, paired with a strong understanding of Kingship ([[Divine Right of Kings]]) led him to the kind of arrogance ("Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone".) that made his subjects see him as a potential tyrant.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The early 17th century saw great social changes. For the first time, a literate lower middle class appeared, but also rich property owners, professionals and merchants became increasingly influential on an economic level, though politically the aristocracy and the King still concentrated more or less all power in their hands. However, King [[Charles I]] was widely seen as untrustworthy, stubborn and bad at communicating his ideas; his insecurities, paired with a strong understanding of Kingship ([[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Divine Right|</ins>Divine Right of Kings]]) led him to the kind of arrogance ("Kings are not bound to give an account of their actions but to God alone".) that made his subjects see him as a potential tyrant.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-11808:rev-11821:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=11808&oldid=prev 2017-12-23T11:06:01Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:06, 23 December 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l37">Line 37:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interestingly, though primarily a political conflict, the sides also were divided on religious grounds. According to figures from Russell, about 90% of the Catholics sided with the royalists, while over 75% of the Puritans became supporters of parliament. And even though their power was threatened as well well over a quarter of the nobility sided with parliament.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interestingly, though primarily a political conflict, the sides also were divided on religious grounds. According to figures from Russell, about 90% of the Catholics sided with the royalists, while over 75% of the Puritans became supporters of parliament. And even though their power was threatened as well well over a quarter of the nobility sided with parliament.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Parliament, now essentially independent of the King, split: Over 200 members left London for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[</del>York<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</del>, to where the King had retreated. With now only the anti-royalists present, a compromise was becoming ever more impossible. In the Summer of 1642 parliament set up a volunteer army to protect its new-won powers. The King also gathered his troops and on 23 October 1642 the First Civil War commenced with the [[Battle of Edgehill]]. While the war initially favoured the royalists, in autumn 1643 in the battles of Newbury and Winceby, the parliamentary forces got the upper hand. When in 1645 parliament reorganised its forces into the [[New Model Army]], the war was already decided. The battles of Naseby and Langport then effectively destroyed Charles' armies.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Parliament, now essentially independent of the King, split: Over 200 members left London for York, to where the King had retreated. With now only the anti-royalists present, a compromise was becoming ever more impossible. In the Summer of 1642 parliament set up a volunteer army to protect its new-won powers. The King also gathered his troops and on 23 October 1642 the First Civil War commenced with the [[Battle of Edgehill]]. While the war initially favoured the royalists, in autumn 1643 in the battles of Newbury and Winceby, the parliamentary forces got the upper hand. When in 1645 parliament reorganised its forces into the [[New Model Army]], the war was already decided. The battles of Naseby and Langport then effectively destroyed Charles' armies.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Second Civil War (1648-1649)==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Second Civil War (1648-1649)==</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-8876:rev-11808:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=8876&oldid=prev 2013-04-05T13:01:13Z

<p><span class="autocomment">References</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:01, 5 April 2013</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l54">Line 54:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Ashton, Robert. &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Ashton, Robert. &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Carlton, Charles. ''The Experience of the British Civil Wars.'' London: Routledge, 1992.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carpenter, Stanley (ed). &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carpenter, Stanley (ed). &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Carlton, Charles. ''The Experience of the British Civil Wars.'' London: Routledge, 1992.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Coward, Barry. &#039;&#039;A Companion to Stuart Britain.&#039;&#039; Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Coward, Barry. &#039;&#039;A Companion to Stuart Britain.&#039;&#039; Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Russell, Conrad. &#039;&#039;The Causes of the English Civil War.&#039;&#039; Oxford: OUP, 1990.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Russell, Conrad. &#039;&#039;The Causes of the English Civil War.&#039;&#039; Oxford: OUP, 1990.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-8875:rev-8876:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=8875&oldid=prev 2013-04-05T13:00:34Z

<p><span class="autocomment">References</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:00, 5 April 2013</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l53">Line 53:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 53:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Russell, Conrad. ''The Causes of the English Civil War.'' Oxford: OUP, 1990.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Stone, Lawrence. ''The Causes of the English Revolution 1529-1642.'' London: Routledge, 1994.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Ashton, Robert. &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Ashton, Robert. &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carpenter, Stanley (ed). &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carpenter, Stanley (ed). &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carlton, Charles. &#039;&#039;The Experience of the British Civil Wars.&#039;&#039; London: Routledge, 1992.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carlton, Charles. &#039;&#039;The Experience of the British Civil Wars.&#039;&#039; London: Routledge, 1992.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Coward, Barry. &#039;&#039;A Companion to Stuart Britain.&#039;&#039; Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Coward, Barry. &#039;&#039;A Companion to Stuart Britain.&#039;&#039; Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Russell, Conrad. ''The Causes of the English Civil War.'' Oxford: OUP, 1990.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Stone, Lawrence. ''The Causes of the English Revolution 1529-1642.'' London: Routledge, 1994.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Weblinks===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Weblinks===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-3085:rev-8875:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=3085&oldid=prev 2009-11-06T11:07:54Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:07, 6 November 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England's and Scotland's churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England's and Scotland's churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Puritanism|</ins>Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty Years&#039; War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[Protestantism|Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles&#039; and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]&#039;s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles&#039; decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty Years&#039; War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[Protestantism|Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles&#039; and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]&#039;s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles&#039; decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-2849:rev-3085:php=table --> </table>

Pankratz https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=2849&oldid=prev 2009-10-14T16:10:21Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:10, 14 October 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11">Line 11:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England&#039;s and Scotland&#039;s churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England&#039;s and Scotland&#039;s churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty Years' War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles' and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]'s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles' decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty Years' War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Protestantism|</ins>Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles' and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]'s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles' decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Events leading up to the war===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Events leading up to the war===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-2847:rev-2849:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=2847&oldid=prev 2009-10-14T16:06:42Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:06, 14 October 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11">Line 11:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England&#039;s and Scotland&#039;s churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The religious differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholicism|Catholic]], England&#039;s and Scotland&#039;s churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[Puritan sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Year</del>'<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">s </del>War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles' and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]'s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles' decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Years</ins>' War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles' and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]'s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles' decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Events leading up to the war===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Events leading up to the war===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-2649:rev-2847:php=table --> </table>

WikiSysop https://el.rub.de/wiki/Brit-Cult/index.php?title=Civil_War&diff=2649&oldid=prev 2009-07-21T07:14:51Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 07:14, 21 July 2009</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 9:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Moreover, the kingdom was far from homogeneous. While, since 1603, [[England]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]] were ruled in personal union, the different countries showed deep religious divisions and very distinct cultures and institutions. Whereas his father, King [[James I]], had a softer approach to merging his dominions, Charles I, in the eye of Barry Coward, hastened the process of union between England and Scotland.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Religious </del>differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[Catholic]], England's and Scotland's churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">puritan </del>sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">religious </ins>differences were especially important. While Ireland was mainly [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Catholicism|</ins>Catholic]], England's and Scotland's churches had undergone the reformation in very different ways. This and a number of [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Puritan </ins>sects]], for whom the [[Church of England|Anglican church]] was still too Catholic, constituted an explosive religious situation.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty Year&#039;s War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles&#039; and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]&#039;s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles&#039; decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the Continent, the [[Thirty Year&#039;s War]] was raging since 1618, though mainly a conflict between the Houses of [[Habsburg]] and [[Bourbon]], pitted [[Protestants]] against Catholics, with the latter seemingly getting the upper hand. This, combined with Charles&#039; and his trusted Archbishop of Canterbury [[William Laud]]&#039;s moves to further embellish the Anglican church ceremonials led many to believe that Catholicism was on its way into Britain again. This fear was only exacerbated by Charles&#039; decision to marry the Catholic [[Henrietta Maria of France]] against the will of parliament.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l16">Line 16:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 16:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Scottish Rebellion====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Scottish Rebellion====</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In contrast to his father, who had been King of Scotland before being crowned King of England, Charles had lived in England since the age of 4. He therefore felt only little connection to Scotland and alienated the Scottish nobility by <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">revocating </del>some of their land titles. This, paired with extraordinary taxation, and a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">continously </del>declining economy in Scotland led to open protest, which Charles answered by further weakening the political role of the nobility.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In contrast to his father, who had been King of Scotland before being crowned King of England, Charles had lived in England since the age of 4. He therefore felt only little connection to Scotland and alienated the Scottish nobility by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">revoking </ins>some of their land titles. This, paired with extraordinary taxation, and a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">continuously </ins>declining economy in Scotland led to open protest, which Charles answered by further weakening the political role of the nobility.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Under <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this </del>circumstances, Charles and William Laud moved to anglicanise the [[Scottish church]]. The introduction of a new [[Book of Common Prayer]] led to riots in [[Edinburgh]]. In the [[National Covenant]] the Scots rejected the changes introduced, which, after failed negotiations, led to open rebellion in 1639, then to two wars, which ended in a Scottish victory. Charles was forced to withdraw his changes and pay reparations to Scotland.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Under <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these </ins>circumstances, Charles and William Laud moved to anglicanise the [[Scottish church]]. The introduction of a new [[Book of Common Prayer]] led to riots in [[Edinburgh]]. In the [[National Covenant]] the Scots rejected the changes introduced, which, after failed negotiations, led to open rebellion in 1639, then to two wars, which ended in a Scottish victory. Charles was forced to withdraw his changes and pay reparations to Scotland.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Short Parliament====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Short Parliament====</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to pay for the war, Charles had to call Parliament, which - instead of granting him the funds - began to discuss long-lasting problems and misgivings they had with royal policy. Especially [[John Pym]] was recognised as one of the major voices in this. Charles refused to discuss and dissolved parliament on 5 May 1640, not yet three weeks after the election.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to pay for the war, Charles had to call Parliament, which - instead of granting him the funds - began to discuss long-lasting problems and misgivings they had with royal policy. Especially [[John Pym]] was recognised as one of the major voices in this. Charles refused to discuss and dissolved parliament on 5 May 1640, not yet three weeks after the election.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, in Scotland, the Scottish Parliament, also decided on sweeping changes. In December 1639, parliament decided that from now on a dissolution would require the consent of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dissoluted </del>parliament. In June 1640 they went even further, calling for more independence from London.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Meanwhile, in Scotland, the Scottish Parliament, also decided on sweeping changes. In December 1639, parliament decided that from now on a dissolution would require the consent of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">dissolved </ins>parliament. In June 1640 they went even further, calling for more independence from London.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Long Parliament====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Long Parliament====</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Charles problems were not going away by themselves: Still broke, with the cost of both the war and the reparations mounting, and a partial tax-payers strike on his hands, Charles had to call in another parliament in November 1640. But in the few months since the dissolution of the [[Short Parliament]], grievances had even increased. The main issues during the election were religion, that is the threat of Catholicism, and arbitrary taxation, both decidedly anti-royal topics. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Accordingy</del>, only 11% of the elected members of parliament were courtiers, officials or other close supporters of the king (Russell, 1990).  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Charles<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">' </ins>problems were not going away by themselves: Still broke, with the cost of both the war and the reparations mounting, and a partial tax-payers strike on his hands, Charles had to call in another parliament in November 1640. But in the few months since the dissolution of the [[Short Parliament]], grievances had even increased. The main issues during the election were religion, that is the threat of Catholicism, and arbitrary taxation, both decidedly anti-royal topics. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Accordingly</ins>, only 11% of the elected members of parliament were courtiers, officials or other close supporters of the king (Russell, 1990).  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, the issues that had not been resolved, but merely suppressed by the dissolution of parliament resurfaced again. John Pym and his supporters renewed their concerns over the King's policies and actions and with a parliament now decidedly sceptic of the King's behaviour Charles had to relinquish some of his powers in the course of 1641. Parliament had to convene at least once every three years and taxation without consent, as well as arrest without trial were outlawed. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kings </del>administrative powers were weakened and parliament's grew in turn. Importantly, the persecution of dissenters also was stopped. Charles <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </del>agreed to an official day of fasting for the entire country on every last Wednesday of the month, something which would later prove an important outlet for radical puritan sermons against the King.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, the issues that had not been resolved, but merely suppressed by the dissolution of parliament resurfaced again. John Pym and his supporters renewed their concerns over the King's policies and actions and with a parliament now decidedly sceptic of the King's behaviour Charles had to relinquish some of his powers in the course of 1641. Parliament had to convene at least once every three years and taxation without consent, as well as arrest without trial were outlawed. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">king's </ins>administrative powers were weakened and parliament's grew in turn. Importantly, the persecution of dissenters also was stopped. Charles agreed to an official day of fasting for the entire country on every last Wednesday of the month, something which would later prove an important outlet for radical puritan sermons against the King.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, with the increasing radicalisation of parliament, the [[Royalists|royalist]] party began to grow again. Many more modest reformers were alienated by the increasing radicalism, both political and religious. As property owners they were beginning to fear that law and order, and therefore the security of their property, would be threatened. Ever-increasing mobs in [[London]], as well as riots and movements of non-rentpayers in the country, made them - though grudgingly - side with the King once again. While in May 1641 a mere 59 of 538 members voted against curtailing the kings powers, in June 1642 the royalist faction had grown to 236 members.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, with the increasing radicalisation of parliament, the [[Royalists|royalist]] party began to grow again. Many more modest reformers were alienated by the increasing radicalism, both political and religious. As property owners they were beginning to fear that law and order, and therefore the security of their property, would be threatened. Ever-increasing mobs in [[London]], as well as riots and movements of non-rentpayers in the country, made them - though grudgingly - side with the King once again. While in May 1641 a mere 59 of 538 members voted against curtailing the kings powers, in June 1642 the royalist faction had grown to 236 members.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many parliamentarians suspected the King, fearing for his power, to plan a military coup, especially after the unsuccessful <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">attemt </del>to arrest five leading opposition MPs (John Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig and William Strode) on 4 January 1642. This in turn further radicalised parliament, now demanding control over the armed forces and the right to appoint government ministers. In March 1642 parliament decreed that its own Ordinances were valid by themselves, and did not require royal assent.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Many parliamentarians suspected the King, fearing for his power, to plan a military coup, especially after the unsuccessful <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">attempt </ins>to arrest five leading opposition MPs (John Pym, John Hampden, Denzil Holles, Sir Arthur Haselrig and William Strode) on 4 January 1642. This in turn further radicalised parliament, now demanding control over the armed forces and the right to appoint government ministers. In March 1642 parliament decreed that its own Ordinances were valid by themselves, and did not require royal assent.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==First Civil War (1642-1646)==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==First Civil War (1642-1646)==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:English civil war map 1642 to 1645.JPG|thumb|Areas controlled by Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (green) in the First Civil War (click on map for bigger picture)]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:English civil war map 1642 to 1645.JPG|thumb|Areas controlled by Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (green) in the First Civil War (click on map for bigger picture)]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interestingly, though primarily a political conflict, the sides also were divided on religious grounds. According to figures from Russell, about 90% of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">catholics </del>sided with the royalists, while over 75% of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">puritans </del>became supporters of parliament. And even though their power was threatened as well well over a quarter of the nobility sided with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parliaments</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interestingly, though primarily a political conflict, the sides also were divided on religious grounds. According to figures from Russell, about 90% of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Catholics </ins>sided with the royalists, while over 75% of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Puritans </ins>became supporters of parliament. And even though their power was threatened as well well over a quarter of the nobility sided with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">parliament</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Parliament, now essentially independent of the King, split: Over 200 members left London for [[York]], to where the King had retreated. With now only the anti-royalists present, a compromise was becoming ever more impossible. In the Summer of 1642 parliament set up a volunteer army to protect its new-won powers. The King also gathered his troops and on 23 October 1642 the First Civil War commenced with the [[Battle of Edgehill]]. While the war initially favoured the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">royalist</del>, in autumn 1643 in the battles of Newbury and Winceby, the parliamentary forces got the upper hand. When in 1645 parliament reorganised its forces into the [[New Model Army]], the war was already decided. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Battles </del>of Naseby and Langport then effectively destroyed Charles' armies.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Parliament, now essentially independent of the King, split: Over 200 members left London for [[York]], to where the King had retreated. With now only the anti-royalists present, a compromise was becoming ever more impossible. In the Summer of 1642 parliament set up a volunteer army to protect its new-won powers. The King also gathered his troops and on 23 October 1642 the First Civil War commenced with the [[Battle of Edgehill]]. While the war initially favoured the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">royalists</ins>, in autumn 1643 in the battles of Newbury and Winceby, the parliamentary forces got the upper hand. When in 1645 parliament reorganised its forces into the [[New Model Army]], the war was already decided. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">battles </ins>of Naseby and Langport then effectively destroyed Charles' armies.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Second Civil War (1648-1649)==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Second Civil War (1648-1649)==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second Civil War was more a series of royalist uprisings than a concerted war effort with a unifying strategy. Disbanded Royalist troops reformed, and in some cases unpaid Parliamentary troops defected to the Royalist side, but none of these proved much problems for parliamentary forces, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">who </del>in all cases decidedly quelled the rebellions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The second Civil War was more a series of royalist uprisings than a concerted war effort with a unifying strategy. Disbanded Royalist troops reformed, and in some cases unpaid Parliamentary troops defected to the Royalist side, but none of these proved much problems for parliamentary forces, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>in all cases decidedly quelled the rebellions.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Both the leaders of the New Model Army and parliament tried to negotiate with King Charles I on ways to rule the country after the end of the war. However, after several failed attempts, many Army leaders were openly discussing how to establish a [[Commonwealth|Republic]] culminating in a document called the [[Heads of Proposals]]. The [[Levellers]] manifesto [[Agreement of the People]] was one of the alternative proposals. In [[Pride&#039;s Purge]], an army led by [[Thomas Pride]] seized control over parliament, and excluded all members who did not agree with the Army leaders. The much smaller parliament became known as [[Rump Parliament]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Both the leaders of the New Model Army and parliament tried to negotiate with King Charles I on ways to rule the country after the end of the war. However, after several failed attempts, many Army leaders were openly discussing how to establish a [[Commonwealth|Republic]] culminating in a document called the [[Heads of Proposals]]. The [[Levellers]] manifesto [[Agreement of the People]] was one of the alternative proposals. In [[Pride&#039;s Purge]], an army led by [[Thomas Pride]] seized control over parliament, and excluded all members who did not agree with the Army leaders. The much smaller parliament became known as [[Rump Parliament]].</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l50">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ireland had, since the Rebellion of 1641 mainly been self-ruled, as the King and then later Parliament, simply had more important issues to consider than to reconquer the neighbouring Island. However, with the final defeat of the royalists in the Second Civil War, [[Oliver Cromwell]] now led a campaign of the Parliamentary forces to reestablish English rule over Ireland. In a series of battles in 1649 and early 1650 he defeated the Irish forces. While a blow to Ireland, the consequent Acts of Parliament, especially the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and Act of Settlement 1662 were to become historically much more decisive.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ireland had, since the Rebellion of 1641 mainly been self-ruled, as the King and then later Parliament, simply had more important issues to consider than to reconquer the neighbouring Island. However, with the final defeat of the royalists in the Second Civil War, [[Oliver Cromwell]] now led a campaign of the Parliamentary forces to reestablish English rule over Ireland. In a series of battles in 1649 and early 1650 he defeated the Irish forces. While a blow to Ireland, the consequent Acts of Parliament, especially the Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and Act of Settlement 1662 were to become historically much more decisive.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Scotland, [[Charles <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tudor</del>]], the son of the beheaded Charles I who had struck a deal with the Scottish Covenanters, was declared King of Scotland. This was seen as a provocation by parliament, and in July 1650 Cromwell left Ireland to fight Charles in Scotland. The [[Siege of Edinburgh]] was unsuccessful and the parlamentarians had to retreat to Dunbar, where they defeated the Scots in September. In 1651 the New Model Army occupied most of Southern Scotland, but Charles, with another army moved into Northern England, where he gathered some new royalist support. However, after the decisive victory in the Second Civil War, just three years earlier, the number of royalists were much smaller than Charles had expected, so at the [[Battle of Worcester]] on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>3 September 1651, the Cromwellian Armies finally defeated the Royalists. Charles II managed to flee to France.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Scotland, [[Charles <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Stuart</ins>]], the son of the beheaded Charles I who had struck a deal with the Scottish Covenanters, was declared King of Scotland. This was seen as a provocation by parliament, and in July 1650 Cromwell left Ireland to fight Charles in Scotland. The [[Siege of Edinburgh]] was unsuccessful and the parlamentarians had to retreat to Dunbar, where they defeated the Scots in September. In 1651 the New Model Army occupied most of Southern Scotland, but Charles, with another army moved into Northern England, where he gathered some new royalist support. However, after the decisive victory in the Second Civil War, just three years earlier, the number of royalists were much smaller than Charles had expected, so at the [[Battle of Worcester]] on 3 September 1651, the Cromwellian Armies finally defeated the Royalists. Charles II managed to flee to France.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l56">Line 56:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 56:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Stone, Lawrence. &#039;&#039;The Causes of the English Revolution 1529-1642.&#039;&#039; London: Routledge, 1994.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Stone, Lawrence. &#039;&#039;The Causes of the English Revolution 1529-1642.&#039;&#039; London: Routledge, 1994.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Ashton, Robert. &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Ashton, Robert. &#039;&#039;The English Civil War.&#039;&#039; London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1978.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carpenter, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Stanled </del>(ed). ''The English Civil War.'' Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carpenter, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Stanley </ins>(ed). ''The English Civil War.'' Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carlton, Charles. &#039;&#039;The Experience of the British Civil Wars.&#039;&#039; London: Routledge, 1992.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Carlton, Charles. &#039;&#039;The Experience of the British Civil Wars.&#039;&#039; London: Routledge, 1992.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Coward, Barry. ''A <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">companion </del>to Stuart Britain.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Coward, Barry. ''A <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Companion </ins>to Stuart Britain.'' Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Weblinks===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Weblinks===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff cache key wikidb_bild-rsc:diff:1.41:old-2599:rev-2649:php=table --> </table>

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