Isaac Newton - Revision history

Pankratz at 14:35, 4 November 2011

2011-11-04T14:35:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:35, 4 November 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	1642 - 1727. Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society. [[Alexander Pope]] expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:		1642-1727. Scientist and philosopher.

			Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society. [[Alexander Pope]] expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:

	"Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night; <br />		"Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night; <br />

WikiSysop at 11:41, 1 May 2010

2010-05-01T11:41:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:41, 1 May 2010
Line 1:		Line 1:
	1642-1727. Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society. [[Alexander Pope]] expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:		1642 - 1727. Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society. [[Alexander Pope]] expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:

	~~“Nature~~ and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night;		"Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night; <br />
			God said Let Newton be! and all was Light." (Quoted in Sambrook 2)
	God said Let Newton be! and all was Light.” (Quoted in Sambrook ~~1986:~~ 2)

	Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century. There were public lectures on science in coffee-houses. [[Joseph Addison]] wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.

			Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century. There were public lectures on science in [[Coffee House\|coffee houses]]. [[Joseph Addison]] wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.

			== Mathematics ==
	One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarrelling whether this method was first invented by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (actually, they created it independently of each other).		One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarrelling whether this method was first invented by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (actually, they created it independently of each other).
	However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.		However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.

	In 1696, Charles Montague, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became Warden of the Mint. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure (in other words: Newton really did do some important work while holding the post): due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced that coins should be coinaged also at the brim, which would make counterfeiting almost impossible.		== The Mint ==
	Different biographers are astonished that a chaotic person like Newton (who was used to keep irregular hours and slept only overpowered by fatigue) showed such an organizing ability in his office as a Warden.		In 1696, Charles Montague, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became Warden of the Mint. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure (in other words: Newton really did do some important work while holding the post): due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced that coins should be coinaged also at the brim, which would make counterfeiting almost impossible. Different biographers are astonished that a chaotic person like Newton (who was used to keep irregular hours and slept only overpowered by fatigue) showed such an organizing ability in his office as a Warden. In 1700, after very successive trials against several forgers, Newton was appointed Master of the Mint. He held this office until his death in 1727.
	In 1700, after very successive trials against several forgers, Newton was appointed Master of the Mint. He held this office until his death in 1727.


	~~Sources:~~


	~~David Berlinski: ''Der Apfel der Erkenntnis. Sir Isaac Newton und die Entschlüsselung des Universums''. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 2002.~~

	~~Richard Westfall: ''Never at a rest. A biography of Isaac Newton'', Cambridge UP 1986.~~

	~~''Oxford Companion to English Literature''~~.

	James ~~Sambrook~~. ''The Eighteenth Century. The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1700-1789''. London: Longman, 1986.		== Sources ==
			*Berlinski, David. ''Der Apfel der Erkenntnis. Sir Isaac Newton und die Entschlüsselung des Universums''. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 2002.
			*Sambrook, James. ''The Eighteenth Century. The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1700-1789''. London: Longman, 1986.
			*Westfall, Richard. ''Never at a rest. A biography of Isaac Newton''. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986.
			*''Oxford Companion to English Literature''.

Pankratz at 18:13, 10 November 2009

2009-11-10T18:13:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:13, 10 November 2009
Line 5:		Line 5:
	God said Let Newton be! and all was Light.” (Quoted in Sambrook 1986: 2)		God said Let Newton be! and all was Light.” (Quoted in Sambrook 1986: 2)

	Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century. There were public lectures on science in coffee-houses. [[Addison]] wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.		Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century. There were public lectures on science in coffee-houses. [[Joseph Addison]] wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.

Pankratz at 18:06, 10 November 2009

2009-11-10T18:06:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:06, 10 November 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	1642-1727. Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society. Alexander Pope expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:		1642-1727. Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society. [[Alexander Pope]] expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:

	“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night;		“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night;
Line 5:		Line 5:
	God said Let Newton be! and all was Light.” (Quoted in Sambrook 1986: 2)		God said Let Newton be! and all was Light.” (Quoted in Sambrook 1986: 2)

	Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century. There were public lectures on science in coffee-houses. Addison wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.		Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century. There were public lectures on science in coffee-houses. [[Addison]] wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.


	One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarrelling whether this method was first invented by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (actually, they created it ~~independent~~ of each other).		One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarrelling whether this method was first invented by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (actually, they created it independently of each other).
	However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.		However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.

Pankratz at 16:14, 13 July 2009

2009-07-13T16:14:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:14, 13 July 2009
Line 8:		Line 8:


	~~Sources:~~		One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarrelling whether this method was first invented by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (actually, they created it independent of each other).
			However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.

	~~''Oxford Companion~~ to English ~~Literature''~~.		In 1696, Charles Montague, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became Warden of the Mint. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure (in other words: Newton really did do some important work while holding the post): due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced that coins should be coinaged also at the brim, which would make counterfeiting almost impossible.
			Different biographers are astonished that a chaotic person like Newton (who was used to keep irregular hours and slept only overpowered by fatigue) showed such an organizing ability in his office as a Warden.
			In 1700, after very successive trials against several forgers, Newton was appointed Master of the Mint. He held this office until his death in 1727.

	~~James Sambrook. ''The Eighteenth Century. The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1700-1789''. London: Longman, 1986.~~

			Sources:

	One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarelling whether this method was first invented by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (actually, they created it independent of each other).
	However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.

	~~In 1696, Charles Montague, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became ''Warden of the Mint~~''. ~~Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure: due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually,~~ Newton ~~introduced that coins should be coinaged also at the brim, which would make counterfeiting almost impossible.~~		David Berlinski: ''Der Apfel der Erkenntnis. Sir Isaac Newton und die Entschlüsselung des Universums''. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 2002.
	Different biographers are astonished that a chaotic person like Newton (who was used to keep irregukar hours and slept only of overpowered by fatigue) showed such an organizing ability in his office as a Warden.
	~~In 1700, after very successive trials against several forgerers, Newton was appointed ''Master of the Mint~~''. ~~He hold this office until his death in 1727~~.

	~~Sources:~~
	~~David Berlinski: ''Der Apfel der Erkenntnis. Sir Isaac Newton und die Entschlüsselung des Universums''. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 2002.~~
	Richard Westfall: ''Never at a rest. A biography of Isaac Newton'', Cambridge UP 1986.		Richard Westfall: ''Never at a rest. A biography of Isaac Newton'', Cambridge UP 1986.

			''Oxford Companion to English Literature''.

			James Sambrook. ''The Eighteenth Century. The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1700-1789''. London: Longman, 1986.

Isaac at 14:16, 13 July 2009

2009-07-13T14:16:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:16, 13 July 2009
Line 15:		Line 15:


	One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarelling whether this method was invented ~~first~~ by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)~~. Actually~~, they created it independent of each other ~~(though at roughly the same time~~).		One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarelling whether this method was first invented by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (actually, they created it independent of each other).
	However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.		However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.

	In 1696, Charles Montague, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became ''Warden of the Mint''. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure: due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced that ~~...~~ which would make counterfeiting almost impossible.		In 1696, Charles Montague, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became ''Warden of the Mint''. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure: due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced that coins should be coinaged also at the brim, which would make counterfeiting almost impossible.
	Different biographers are astonished that a chaotic person like Newton (who was used to keep irregukar hours and slept only of overpowered by fatigue) showed such an organizing ability in his office as a Warden.		Different biographers are astonished that a chaotic person like Newton (who was used to keep irregukar hours and slept only of overpowered by fatigue) showed such an organizing ability in his office as a Warden.
	In 1700, after very successive trials against several ~~...~~ Newton was appointed ''Master of the Mint''. He hold this office until his death in 1727.		In 1700, after very successive trials against several forgerers, Newton was appointed ''Master of the Mint''. He hold this office until his death in 1727.

	Sources:		Sources:
	David Berlinski: ''Der Apfel der Erkenntnis. Sir Isaac Newton und die Entschlüsselung des Universums''. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 2002.		David Berlinski: ''Der Apfel der Erkenntnis. Sir Isaac Newton und die Entschlüsselung des Universums''. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 2002.
	Richard Westfall: ''Never at a rest. A biography of Isaac Newton'', Cambridge UP 1986.		Richard Westfall: ''Never at a rest. A biography of Isaac Newton'', Cambridge UP 1986.

Isaac at 14:13, 13 July 2009

2009-07-13T14:13:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:13, 13 July 2009
Line 15:		Line 15:


	One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarelling whether this method was invented first by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716).Actually, they created it independent of each other (though at roughly the same time).		One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarelling whether this method was invented first by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). Actually, they created it independent of each other (though at roughly the same time).
	However, in his Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.		However, in his ''Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica'' from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.

	In 1696, Charles ~~Montagu~~, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became Warden of the Mint. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure: due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced		In 1696, Charles Montague, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became ''Warden of the Mint''. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure: due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced that ... which would make counterfeiting almost impossible.
			Different biographers are astonished that a chaotic person like Newton (who was used to keep irregukar hours and slept only of overpowered by fatigue) showed such an organizing ability in his office as a Warden.
			In 1700, after very successive trials against several ... Newton was appointed ''Master of the Mint''. He hold this office until his death in 1727.

			Sources:
			David Berlinski: ''Der Apfel der Erkenntnis. Sir Isaac Newton und die Entschlüsselung des Universums''. Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 2002.
			Richard Westfall: ''Never at a rest. A biography of Isaac Newton'', Cambridge UP 1986.

Isaac at 14:07, 13 July 2009

2009-07-13T14:07:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 13 July 2009
Line 13:		Line 13:

	James Sambrook. ''The Eighteenth Century. The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1700-1789''. London: Longman, 1986.		James Sambrook. ''The Eighteenth Century. The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1700-1789''. London: Longman, 1986.


			One of Newton's most important achievements was the establishment of the differential calculation. Concerning this issue, people are still quarelling whether this method was invented first by Newton or the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716).Actually, they created it independent of each other (though at roughly the same time).
			However, in his Philosophia naturalis principa mathematica from 1687, Newton deduced his revolutionary findings on the laws of mechanics via average geometrics instead of differential calculation for fear that this new and still unknown method of calculation might hinder his readers even more from accepting his results.

			In 1696, Charles Montagu, Lord Halifax, attained that Newton became Warden of the Mint. Circumstances prevented this employment to be no more than a sinecure: due to the growing problem of conterfeiting, Parliament decided to coin the English currency completely anew. Eventually, Newton introduced

Pankratz at 10:12, 28 May 2009

2009-05-28T10:12:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:12, 28 May 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	1642-1727. Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society.		1642-1727. Came from humble origins, went to Cambridge and staid there as don. Famous as the leading scientist of his age, writing on optics, mathematics, the laws of gravity. President of the Royal Society. Alexander Pope expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:

	Alexander Pope expressed the admiration of society for Newton thus:

	“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night;		“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night;

Pankratz at 10:11, 28 May 2009

2009-05-28T10:11:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:11, 28 May 2009
Line 4:		Line 4:

	“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night;		“Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in Night;

	God said Let Newton be! and all was Light.” (Quoted in Sambrook 1986: 2)		God said Let Newton be! and all was Light.” (Quoted in Sambrook 1986: 2)

	Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century~~, there~~ were public lectures on science in coffee-houses. Addison wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.		Many people popularised Newton’s ideas in the 18th century. There were public lectures on science in coffee-houses. Addison wrote about Newton in his famous weekly journal ''The Spectator''. There was even a ''Newton for Ladies''.