Long Parliament - Revision history

Pankratz at 10:36, 26 May 2010

2010-05-26T10:36:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 26 May 2010
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	The so called Long Parliament was summoned by [[Charles I]] on 3 November 1640 and existed for the next 20 years – in its last years it smoothed the way for the [[Restoration]]. It is called Long Parliament because six months before Charles I dissolved the [[Short Parliament]] which was in power for the short period of three weeks.		The so-called Long Parliament was summoned by [[Charles I]] on 3 November 1640 and existed for the next 20 years – in its last years it smoothed the way for the [[Restoration]]. It is called Long Parliament because six months before Charles I dissolved the [[Short Parliament]] which was in power for the short period of three weeks.


	== Short Parliament ==		== Short Parliament ==

	When Charles I summoned the Short Parliament he only did it because the expenses for the war against Scotland were getting higher so he needed money. As it was set that Parliament had the only right to raise taxes Charles I was dependent on Parliament to get enough money for his expensive wars, even though he invented several ways to get money without asking Parliament before. However, they wanted to give money to the King by claiming to ~~get~~ certain ~~prerogatives~~ which ~~of course~~ the King refused to accept. He dissolved Parliament again to form a new one (the Long Parliament) of which he hoped that the situation between King and Parliament would become better.		When Charles I summoned the Short Parliament he only did it because the expenses for the war against Scotland were getting higher so he needed money. As it was set that Parliament had the only right to raise taxes Charles I was dependent on Parliament to get enough money for his expensive wars, even though he invented several ways to get money without asking Parliament before. However, they wanted to give money to the King by claiming to ascertain certain rights which the King refused to accept. He dissolved Parliament again to form a new one (the Long Parliament) of which he hoped that the situation between King and Parliament would become better.


	== Long Parliament and its reforms ==		== Long Parliament and its reforms ==

	The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Grand Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. ~~Further~~ could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform ~~they~~ carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).		The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Grand Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Furthermore, he could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform the Parliamentarians carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).

	In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Oliver Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[George Monk\|Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.		In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Oliver Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[George Monk\|Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.

WikiSysop at 11:49, 13 July 2009

2009-07-13T11:49:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:49, 13 July 2009
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	== Long Parliament and its reforms ==		== Long Parliament and its reforms ==

	The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[~~Great~~ Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).		The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Grand Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).

	In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Oliver Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[George Monk\|Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.		In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Oliver Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[George Monk\|Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.

WikiSysop: moved Long parliament to Long Parliament

2009-07-11T19:39:03Z

moved Long parliament to Long Parliament

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:39, 11 July 2009
(No difference)

Pankratz at 07:04, 23 June 2009

2009-06-23T07:04:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 23 June 2009
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	The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Great Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).		The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Great Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).

	In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[George Monk\|Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.		In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Oliver Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[George Monk\|Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.

Pankratz at 07:04, 23 June 2009

2009-06-23T07:04:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:04, 23 June 2009
Line 11:		Line 11:
	The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Great Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).		The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Great Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).

	In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.		In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[George Monk\|Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.

Pankratz at 07:03, 23 June 2009

2009-06-23T07:03:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:03, 23 June 2009
Line 9:		Line 9:
	== Long Parliament and its reforms ==		== Long Parliament and its reforms ==

	The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the Great Remonstrance. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).		The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the [[Great Remonstrance]]. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).

	In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 Cromwell expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by Monck. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.		In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 [[Cromwell]] expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by [[Monck]]. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.

Pankratz at 07:02, 23 June 2009

2009-06-23T07:02:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:02, 23 June 2009
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	== Long Parliament and its reforms ==		== Long Parliament and its reforms ==

	The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I.		The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. In December 1641 it confronted Charles I with the Great Remonstrance. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I. He tried to arrest five leading members of Parliament (a clear breach of the rules and the start of the beginning of the [[Civil War]]).

			In 1648 Colonel Pride got rid of unwanted members (so-called "Pride's Purge"), and after the execution of the King the "Rump" (the remaining members of the Long Parliament) established the Commonwealth. In 1653 Cromwell expelled the Rump and replaced it by "Barebone's Parliament", a handpicked assembly of 140 "godly men" (Kenyon 31) (nicknamed after Praisegod Barbon or Barebones, one of its members). The Rump only reconvened in 1659, after the fall of the Protectorate. The full membership of the Long Parliament was restored by Monck. It dissolved itself in 1660 to be succeeded by the convention parliament, which restored the monarchy.


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	http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm		http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm

			Kenyon, J.P. ''Dictionary of British History''. Cumberland House: Wordsworth, 1994.

	Lord, John (1855): ''A School History of Modern Europe, from the Reformation to the Fall of Napoleon''. Oxford: Oford Univerity Press.		Lord, John (1855): ''A School History of Modern Europe, from the Reformation to the Fall of Napoleon''. Oxford: Oford Univerity Press.

Pankratz at 12:25, 17 June 2009

2009-06-17T12:25:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:25, 17 June 2009
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	~~== Opponent Parties and the New Model Army ==~~

	~~From the beginning onwards there emerged two different parties within Parliament~~: The Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The struggle between these two opponents was the basis for the [[First Civil War]]. In 1642 the [[New Model Army]] was formed who defeated the Royalists. They took over the power over England and even accused Charles I as being a traitor which led to his execution by Parliament. From now on Parliament ruled England without a King.		Sources:



	~~----~~
	http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm		http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm

	Lord, John (1855): ''A School History of Modern Europe, from the Reformation to the Fall of Napoleon''. Oxford: Oford Univerity Press.		Lord, John (1855): ''A School History of Modern Europe, from the Reformation to the Fall of Napoleon''. Oxford: Oford Univerity Press.

Pankratz at 12:23, 17 June 2009

2009-06-17T12:23:40Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 17 June 2009
Line 9:		Line 9:
	== Long Parliament and its reforms ==		== Long Parliament and its reforms ==

	The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament ~~just for fun~~. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I.		The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I.


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	From the beginning onwards there emerged two different parties within Parliament: The Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The struggle between these two opponents was the basis for the [[First Civil War]]. In 1642 the [[New Model Army]] was formed who defeated the Royalists. They took over the power over England and even accused Charles I as being a traitor which led to his execution by Parliament. From now on Parliament ruled England without a King.		From the beginning onwards there emerged two different parties within Parliament: The Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The struggle between these two opponents was the basis for the [[First Civil War]]. In 1642 the [[New Model Army]] was formed who defeated the Royalists. They took over the power over England and even accused Charles I as being a traitor which led to his execution by Parliament. From now on Parliament ruled England without a King.

	In 1649 [[Oliver Cromwell]], the leader of the New Model Army, declared himself [[Lord Protectorate]] of the [[Commonwealth]]. After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 the remaining members of the Protectorate met and decided that they need a King. This was the beginning of the Restoration.

Wiebke at 11:03, 17 June 2009

2009-06-17T11:03:41Z

New page

The so called Long Parliament was summoned by [[Charles I]] on 3 November 1640 and existed for the next 20 years – in its last years it smoothed the way for the [[Restoration]]. It is called Long Parliament because six months before Charles I dissolved the [[Short Parliament]] which was in power for the short period of three weeks.

== Short Parliament ==

When Charles I summoned the Short Parliament he only did it because the expenses for the war against Scotland were getting higher so he needed money. As it was set that Parliament had the only right to raise taxes Charles I was dependent on Parliament to get enough money for his expensive wars, even though he invented several ways to get money without asking Parliament before. However, they wanted to give money to the King by claiming to get certain prerogatives which of course the King refused to accept. He dissolved Parliament again to form a new one (the Long Parliament) of which he hoped that the situation between King and Parliament would become better.

== Long Parliament and its reforms ==

The Long Parliament didn’t accept the claims of King Charles I either and went on a counter-course against him trying to take away his prerogatives. During 1641 several reforms were carried out by Parliament. From now on the King could no longer rule without a Parliament. Moreover he was no longer allowed to dissolve Parliament just for fun. Further could not raise any taxes or try to get money without asking Parliament, as it was set before Charles’ [[Personal Rule (1629-1640)]]. Another reform they carried out was the [[Triennial Act]] which was passed in January 1641 and which ensured that Parliament had to meet at least every three years. They also refused to trust the King with the commandment of the army. Thus things went bad for Charles I.

== Opponent Parties and the New Model Army ==

From the beginning onwards there emerged two different parties within Parliament: The Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The struggle between these two opponents was the basis for the [[First Civil War]]. In 1642 the [[New Model Army]] was formed who defeated the Royalists. They took over the power over England and even accused Charles I as being a traitor which led to his execution by Parliament. From now on Parliament ruled England without a King.

In 1649 [[Oliver Cromwell]], the leader of the New Model Army, declared himself [[Lord Protectorate]] of the [[Commonwealth]]. After the death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 the remaining members of the Protectorate met and decided that they need a King. This was the beginning of the Restoration.

----
http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/long-parliament.htm

Lord, John (1855): ''A School History of Modern Europe, from the Reformation to the Fall of Napoleon''. Oxford: Oford Univerity Press.