Colen Campbell: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 09:23, 19 June 2019

1676-1729. Scottish Architect known for his Neo-Palladian Architecture and Vitruvius Britannicus.

Eldest of four children. In 1700, Colen Campbell was a lawyer in Edinburgh. After the Act of Union in 1707, Campbell switched professions and became an architect. The first building that is attributed to him is Shawfield Mansion in Glasgow, which was finished in 1712.

Relocating to England, Campbell became famous for the classic-inspired architecture of Wanstead House, Essex in 1714, which belonged to Sir Richard Child (later Viscount Castlemaine). The classic-inspired Neo-Palladian style (referring to the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio) was coined by different features such as decorations in a reduced and antique-like appearance. Campbell was finally established as an architect in 1719 when Richard Boyle, third earl of Burlington, hired him to transform his residence in Piccadilly into a Neo-Palladian house.

Campbell is named author of Vitruvius Britannicus, first published in 1715, a collection of influential and important buildings in Britain. The idea stems from a few booksellers and printers, who hired Campbell as an editor for their project. Campbell is also the writer of the introduction, and the explanatory comments to each of the buildings that are shown. In the second volume, published in 1717, and in the third Volume, published in 1725, Campbell added pictures and drawings of his own architectural visions, some of finished houses, some of designs which were not yet realized, as a means of self-promotion. These were sometimes devoted to influential British politicians to foster the rise of Neo-Palladianism. Among them were for example King George I, to whom the first volume was dedicated, and Sir Robert Walpole. 692 people were subscribed to Vitruvius, mostly nobles and even five royals, in 1725.

Campbell also fulfilled other posts and professions. These include Chief Clerk and Deputy Surveyor-General in 1718, architect to George Augustus, Prince of Wales in 1719, and Surveyor of Greenwich Hospital in 1726. Campbell also worked on another literary project and published a part of Quattro Libri, a book by Andrea Palladio, in Britain in 1728. A year later a translated and edited version appeared under the name The Five Orders of Architecture, now including illustrations and plans from Campbell himself.

Campbell died in September 1729. His burial place is located in the south cloister of Westminster Abbey. Due to the absence of a gravestone or a monument the exact location of his grave is unknown. A single verified portrait of Campbell is shown in Compton Place, Sussex.

In 1966 a great amount of his illustrations reemerged, enlightening scholars about his designs and his influences.

Buildings (abbreviated overview):

Shawfield Mansion, Glasgow, 1712

Wanstead House, Essex, 1714

Burlington House, London, 1717

Stourhead, Wiltshire, 1721 to 1724

Pembroke House, Whitehall, London, 1723

Houghton Hall, Norfolk, 1722

Mereworth Castle, Kent, 1722

Waverley Abbey House, Surrey, approx. 1723

Plumptre House, Nottingham, 1724

Compton Place, Eastbourne, Sussex, 1726

Sources:

"Colen Campbell." Westminster Abbey, https://www.westminster-abbey.org/de/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/colen-campbell . Accessed 17 Jun. 2019.

Connor, T. P. “Campbell, Colen, of Boghole and Urchany (1676-1729)”, in: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4485?rskey=C7jz8m&result=1 . Accessed 16 Jun. 2019.

Curl, James Stevens and Susan Wilson. “Campbell, Colen”, in: A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015, online. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-801?rskey=AarmDj&result=3 . Accessed 16 Jun. 2019.

"Palladianism." Britannica Academic, Encyclopædia Britannica, 17 May. 2016. https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Palladianism/58116. Accessed 16 Jun. 2019.

Summerson, John. Architecture in Britain: 1530 to 1830. Harmondsworth, Middlesex and others: Penguin 1963.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Colen Campbell''' was born in Nairshire, Scotland, in 1676 and was a pioneering architect. Although he initially trained as a lawyer. The reason for his attention turning to architecture is not known.
+-1729. Scottish Architect known for his [[Palladianism|Neo-Palladian]] Architecture and ''Vitruvius Britannicus''.
-'''''Vitruvius Britannicus'''''
+Eldest of four children. In 1700, Colen Campbell was a lawyer in Edinburgh. After the [[Act of Union (1707)|Act of Union]] in 1707, Campbell switched professions and became an architect. The first building that is attributed to him is Shawfield Mansion in Glasgow, which was finished in 1712.
-----
+Relocating to England, Campbell became famous for the classic-inspired architecture of Wanstead House, Essex in 1714, which belonged to Sir Richard Child (later Viscount Castlemaine). The classic-inspired Neo-Palladian style (referring to the Italian [[Renaissance]] architect [[Andrea Palladio]]) was coined by different features such as decorations in a reduced and antique-like appearance. Campbell was finally established as an architect in 1719 when [[Richard Boyle]], third earl of Burlington, hired him to transform his residence in Piccadilly into a Neo-Palladian house.
-His major published work ''Vitruvius Britannicus'', produced between 1715 - 1725 and consisting of three volumes, became one of the most influential texts of eighteenth-century Neo-Palladianism, in a way this book established Neo-Palladianism as the dominant style of eighteenth-century British architecture.
-Basically, it was a catalogue of design, featuring work by prominent architects of the seventeenth century, for example Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren, as well as contemporary buildings. Campbell was heavily influenced by the architect James Smith, whom he described in ''Vitruvius Britannicus'' as "the most experienced architect" in Scotland.
-----
+Campbell is named author of ''Vitruvius Britannicus'', first published in 1715, a collection of influential and important buildings in Britain. The idea stems from a few booksellers and printers, who hired Campbell as an editor for their project. Campbell is also the writer of the introduction, and the explanatory comments to each of the buildings that are shown. In the second volume, published in 1717, and in the third Volume, published in 1725, Campbell added pictures and drawings of his own architectural visions, some of finished houses, some of designs which were not yet realized, as a means of self-promotion. These were sometimes devoted to influential British politicians to foster the rise of Neo-Palladianism. Among them were for example King [[George I]], to whom the first volume was dedicated, and Sir [[Robert Walpole]].  692 people were subscribed to ''Vitruvius'', mostly nobles and even five royals, in 1725.
-After the publication of this work, Richard Boyle, the third Lord Burlington, employed Campbell. So, the Scottish architect replaced James Gibbs as the architect of Burlington House, now the Royal Academy in London.
+Campbell also fulfilled other posts and professions. These include Chief Clerk and Deputy Surveyor-General in 1718, architect to [[George II|George Augustus]], Prince of Wales in 1719, and Surveyor of Greenwich Hospital in 1726. Campbell also worked on another literary project and published a part of ''Quattro Libri'', a book by Andrea Palladio, in Britain in 1728.  A year later a translated and edited version appeared under the name ''The Five Orders of Architecture'', now including illustrations and plans from Campbell himself.
-In 1718, he was appointed deputy to the Surveyor General of the Royal Board of Works.
-''Some of Campbell´s most important architectural commissions:''
+Campbell died in September 1729. His burial place is located in the south cloister of [[Westminster Abbey]]. Due to the absence of a gravestone or a monument the exact location of his grave is unknown.  A single verified portrait of Campbell is shown in Compton Place, Sussex.
-. Wanstead House, Essex (1714-1720), designed for Sir Richard Child
+In 1966 a great amount of his illustrations reemerged, enlightening scholars about his designs and his influences.
-. Stourhead, Wiltshire (1720-1724), built for London-based banker Henry Hoare
-. Mereworth Castle, Kent (1720-1725), commissioned by the honorable John Farn
+'''Buildings (abbreviated overview):'''
-Campbell died in 1729.
+Shawfield Mansion, Glasgow, 1712
+Wanstead House, Essex, 1714
-Sources?????
+Burlington House, London, 1717
+Stourhead, Wiltshire, 1721 to 1724
+Pembroke House, Whitehall, London, 1723
+Houghton Hall, Norfolk, 1722
+Mereworth Castle, Kent, 1722
+Waverley Abbey House, Surrey, approx. 1723
+Plumptre House, Nottingham, 1724
+Compton Place, Eastbourne, Sussex, 1726
+'''Sources:'''
+"Colen Campbell." ''Westminster Abbey'', https://www.westminster-abbey.org/de/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/colen-campbell . Accessed 17 Jun. 2019.
+Connor, T. P. “Campbell, Colen, of Boghole and Urchany (1676-1729)”, in: ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2010. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4485?rskey=C7jz8m&result=1 . Accessed 16 Jun. 2019.
+Curl, James Stevens and Susan Wilson. “Campbell, Colen”, in: ''A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture''. 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2015, online. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199674985.001.0001/acref-9780199674985-e-801?rskey=AarmDj&result=3 . Accessed 16 Jun. 2019.
+"Palladianism." ''Britannica Academic'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 17 May. 2016. https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Palladianism/58116. Accessed 16 Jun. 2019.
+Summerson, John. ''Architecture in Britain: 1530 to 1830''. Harmondsworth, Middlesex and others: Penguin 1963.