Mods
Abbreviation for "Modernists". Working-class youth subculture which emerged in the post-war period and especially during the swinging sixties in Britain (Hebdige 1979, 17). The Mod subculture developed within the south-eastern (mainly London and new towns of the South) working-class teenagers and represented “an exploration of the upwardly mobile, consumption-oriented working class lifestyle” (Osgerby, 70). Their style, rituals and speech reflected “many core values and concerns of the parental working class [combined with a] flamboyant style [,] consumption [and] classless affluence” (ibid. 65).
Style
"The average Mod [...] earned £11 a week, was either semi-skilled or more typically an office worker who had left secondary modern school at fifteen. Another large section of Mods were employed as department store clerks, messengers, and occupied menial positions in the various service industries of the West end" (Hebdige 2003, 91). These jobs made "fairly stringent demands on their appearance, dress and [behaviour] as well as their time" (ibid. 1979, 53). The only way the Mod was able "to compensate for his relatively low position in the daytime" was the weekend during which he could "exercise complete dominion over his private estate, his appearance and choice of leisure pursuits" (ibid. 2003, 91).
A Mod "lived between the leaves of the commercial calendar [...] which alone made work meaningful" (Hebdige 1979, 53). During the weekends, a Mod's life took place in night clubs and city centres, where he was "absorbed into a 'noonday underground' of cellar clubs, discotheques, boutiques and record shops" (ibid.). These demanded a "certain exquisiteness of dress" (ibid. 89).
Fashion
A Mod could be easily identified by his characteristic conservative Italian style suits, which resembled the "Italian Mafiosi type so frequently depicted in crime films shot in New York" (ibid. 89). This style made it possible to move successfully between school, work and leisure. The same applied to their hairstyle which was generally short and stayed in shape "with invisible lacquer rather than with the obvious grease favoured by the more overly masculine rockers" (ibid. 52). The aim of their outfit was "to look cool, sophisticated and stylish, to walk into [a] coffee bar and be admired by the other mods" (Everett, 53). In the same manner a fashion accessory and symbol of status was the motor scooter, usually Vespas or Lambrettas. Mods were "obsessed with the small details [...] and pushed neatness to the point of absurdity" (Hebdige 1979, 52).
Music
Most Mods listened to Rhythm and Blues ("R'n'B"), because the rhythms "were rather more subtle than those of ordinary pop and therefore more difficult and rewarding to dance to" and "the best records were obscure and hard to get" (Everett, 54ff.). "In fact anything would do as long as it had a tricky beat and nobody else knew about it" (ibid. 55).
Drugs
In order to use the days of the weekend to full capacity and have enough energy to stay awake, Mods took amphetamines. In the early sixties, amphetamines were widely prescribed for the treatment of depression, anxiety or to facilitate a diet; "in fact, almost anyone qualified for a prescription" (ibid. 55), until the moral panic about the Mods set in and news laws regulated the prescription.
"I’d take probably eight of these capsules , which would keep me awake for two nights. And of course the next two days at work, Monday and Tuesday, were pretty horrible. And by the time Wednesday came I was looking forward to the weekend. You get a tremendous amount of energy from it, and you're talking all the time. You think you're a genius. It's really great." (testimony qtd. in Everett 55).
Opposition to Rockers
Another subcultural group were the Rockers. They rode motorbikes and wore jeans with leather jackets. "They were puritan in that they disapproved of drunkenness, drug-taking and any sort of sexual sophistication or concern for fashion. They were conservative in that they thought and talked much like their working-class war-veteran fathers. They believed in the virtues of hard work, manliness and patriotism" (Everett 57).
Unsurprisingly, the two subcultures got into conflict, which resulted in a violent riot in Brighton on Whitsun 1964. The fight attracted both public and media attention and brought up a lot of skepticism and press hysteria around subcultural groups. The "Battle of Brighton" was famously dramatized in the movie Quadrophenia (1979).
Cited Works
- Everett, Peter. "The Mod Experience." You’ll Never Be 16 Again. An Illustrated History of the British Teenager. London: BBC Books, 1986. 52-60.
- Hebdige, Dick. Subculture: the Meaning of Style. London: Routledge, 1979.
- Hebdige, Dick. “The meaning of Mod.” Resistance through Rituals: Youth Cultures in Post-war Britain. Ed. Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson. London: Routledge, 2003. 87-96.
- Osgerby, Bill. Youth in Britain since 1945. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.
Further Links
- Website of the German and English Mod scene: http://www.thescene.de/
- Archive of original Mod/ern/ist recollections and information: http://jackthatcatwasclean.blogspot.de/
- Website on Modculture (Lifestyle, History, Literature,...): http://www.modculture.co.uk/
- Documentary on British youth styles (Teds, Mods, Skinhead, Casual)
- Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsAwqT61Gzg
- Part 2 (especially on Mods from 05.00 on): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7SjJt6fjr4&feature=relmfu
- Sequence about the Battle of Brighton from the movie Quadrophenia: http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5rkj6_we-are-the-mods-quadrophenia-1979_shortfilms
Articles on the Battle of Brighton: