William Congreve

born 24.01.1670, Bardsey, Yorkshire, England; died 19.01.1729, London

Life

Being born after the Restoration he belongs to the second generation of writers, together with Richard Steele. In 1674 Congreve's father was granted a commission in the army to join the garrison at Youghal, in Ireland and so after a Transfer to Carrickfergus, Congreve, was sent to school at Kilkenny, the Eton of Ireland, in 1681. Five years later, in April 1686 he entered Trinity College, Dublin. During the Glorious Revolution (1688–89) the family moved to the Congreve home at Stretton in Staffordshire, and Congreve's father was made estate agent to the earl of Cork in 1690. In 1691 he was entered as a law student at the Middle Temple and started writing and publishing. He quickly became known and became a protégé of John Dryden. In that year Dryden and Congreve coleborated on a translation of the satires of Juvenal and Persius (dated 1693). In March 1693 he achieved sudden fame with the production at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, of The Old Bachelour, which was written, in 1690. Congreve claimed to have composed this play to amuse himself during convalescence. In 1695 Congreve became one of the managers of the new theatrein Lincoln's Inn Fields, promising to provide a new play every year and he was made one of the five commissioners for licensing hackney coaches, though at a reduced salary of £100 per annum. When Congreve's masterpiece The Way of the World failed to be successful in 1700, he refrained from writing plays. He did not, however, desert the stage entirely and thus wrote librettos for two operas, and he collaborated in translating Molière's Monsieur de Pourceaugnac for Lincoln's Inn Fields in 1704. In the following year he associated himself for a short time with the playwright and architect Sir John Vanbrugh writing an epilogue to its first production. It is likely that Congreve's retreat from the stage was partly a result of the Collier attack, which was launched against the supposed immorality of contemporary comedies and specifically against Congreve and Dryden. In reply, Congreve wrote Amendments of Mr. Collier's False and Imperfect Citations (1698). The rest of his life he passed quietly enough, being in easy circumstances thanks to his private income, the royalties on his plays, and his not very exacting posts in the civil service. In 1705 he was made a commissioner for wines, a post that he retained by virtue of Jonathan Swift's good offices at the change of government in 1710 but which he relinquished in 1714 when he joined the customs service; his position was improved at the end of 1714 with the addition of the secretaryship of the island of Jamaica. As to his relations with the other sex, his affection for Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle—who acted most of his female leads—is well known; they were always close friends, but whether the intimacy was of a deeper nature is undetermined. In his later years he was devotedly attached to the second duchess of Marlborough, and it is almost certain that he was the father of her second daughter, Lady Mary Godolphin, later duchess of Leeds. This would account for the large legacy, of almost all his fortune, which he left to the duchess of Marlborough. He died after a carriage accident.

Works Comedy close to George Etherege

Being born after the Restoration he belongs to the second generation of writers, together with Richard Steele. Congreve is the outstanding writer of the English comedy of manners, markedly different in many respects from others of this period of the drama. Taking as its main theme the manners and behaviour of the class to which it was addressed, that is, the antipuritanical theatre audience drawn largely from the court, it dealt with imitators of French customs, conceited wits, and fantastics of all kinds; but its main theme was the sexual life led by a large number of courtiers, with their philosophy of freedom and experimentation. Restoration comedy was always satirical and sometimes cynical. Congreve rises above other dramatists of his time in both the delicacy of his feeling and the perfection of his phrasing.

The Old Bachelour = enormous success, running for the then unprecedented length of a fortnight. Also liked by Dryden His next play, The Double-Dealer, played in November or December at Drury Lane but did not meet with the same applause (it later became the more critically admired work, however). Love for Love almost repeated the success of his first play. Performed in April 1695, it was the first production staged for the new theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, which was opened after protracted crises in the old Theatre Royal, complicated by quarrels among the actors. In 1695 he began to write his more public occasional verse, such as his pastoral on the death of Queen Mary II and his Pindarique Ode, Humbly Offer'd to the King on his taking Namure; Though Congreve signally failed to carry out his promise of writing a play a year for the Lincoln's Inn theatre, he showed his good intentions by letting them stage The Mourning Bride. Although it is now his least regarded drama, this tragedy, produced early in 1697, swelled his reputation enormously and became his most popular play. No further dramatic work appeared until March 1700, when Congreve's masterpiece, The Way of the World, was produced; Lovers Mirabell and Millamant have to overcome several difficulties in order to save enough money to marry → meaningless plot but excellent individual scenes, brilliant conversations, language: lucidity, animation, substance, spirit, elegance though it is now his only frequently revived piece, it was a failure with the audience. This was Congreve's last attempt to write a play, though he did not entirely desert the theatre. He wrote a considerable number of poems, some of the light social variety, some soundly scholarly translations from Homer, Juvenal, Ovid, and Horace, and some Pindaric odes. The volume containing these odes also comprised his timely "Discourse on the Pindarique Ode" (1706), which brought some order to a form that had become wildly unrestrained since the days of the poet Abraham Cowley.

Sources Congreve, William." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 22 May 2009 <http://www.search.eb.com/eb/article-1477>.